Asylum Projects - User contributions [en]

Montana State Hospital

2024-05-24T10:40:08Z

Smccuen: /* Cemetery */

{{infobox institution
| name = Montana State Hospital
| image = montana7.png
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Montana State Hospital
| caption =
| established = 1877
| construction_began = 1877
| construction_ended =
| opened = 1912 (purchased by the state)
| closed =
| demolished =
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]
| building_style = [[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]
| architect(s) =
| location = Warm Springs, MT
| architecture_style =
| peak_patient_population = 1,936 in 1955
| alternate_names = 
*Insane Asylum of the State of Montana
*Warm Springs State Hospital
*Montana State Hospital for the Insane
*Montana State Hospital
}}

==History==
Prior to 1869, Montana Territory made no special provisions for mental patients, their care generally being left to regular hospitals. The Helena Weekly Herald in a September 19, 1867, article on the county hospital commented on the need for a territorial insane asylum, stating that the county hospital was not the proper place for a "lunatic."

Two years later the 6th Territorial Legislative Assembly passed a law authorizing an official territorial insane asylum to be owned and managed on a contract basis by private parties. A board of commissioners was established with one representative from each judicial district to oversee the asylum, establish rules for its operation, and perform periodic inspections. Until 1877 St. John's Hospital in Helena served as the territorial asylum. By 1874 it was accepting sufficient numbers of patients committed by Governor Benjamin Potts to require the construction of a separate building behind the main hospital.

In 1877 Drs. Armistead H. Mitchell (1831-1898) and Charles F. Mussigbrod (d.1893), owners of a hotel and spa at Warm Springs, Montana, were awarded the contract for the care of the territory's mental patients. By 1886 the partners had expanded their operation from 160 acres to 1640 acres and from two buildings to thirty-two buildings, including a larger hotel, a house for convalescents, a separate building for violent patients, a large plunge pool, a laundry, storehouses, icehouses, and many other outbuildings. From 1891 to 1907 the hospital was run by Dr. O.Y. Warren, who was in turn succeeded by Dr. J.M. Scanland, son-in-law of Dr. Mitchell. Under private operation, the asylum continued to operate the hotel and run a large farm, specializing in pedigreed cattle.

In 1910 a constitutional amendment was passed allowing the state to acquire the asylum. Negotiations were begun and on December 1, 1912, the Warm Springs hospital became a state institution. Dr. Scanland continued as superintendent. In 1917 the governor appointed a special commission to investigate charges of gross mismanagement and corruption at the hospital. The hospital management was exonerated of all charges. Gradually under state operation the emphasis changed from a custodial asylum to a hospital, as more modern procedures were adopted, but efforts were hampered by low funding. Care costs in 1938 of $.60 per day per patient were the lowest in the nation. As concepts of treatment of mental patients changed, the average patient load dropped dramatically from a high of over 1900 in the early 1950s to 1112 in 1972. Numbers of admissions per year were higher, but average length of stay was much shorter.

== Images of Montana State Hospital ==
{{image gallery|[[Montana State Hospital Image Gallery|Montana State Hospital]]}}

<gallery>
File:Montana State Hosp PC2.jpg
File:montana1.png
File:montana4.png
File:montana8.png
File:warmspringsMT002.jpg
</gallery>

==Cemetery==

There are currently 3317 burials noted in the asylum cemetery, a minority of them being marked and fewer still having their names noted on the markers. Most of those listed on Find a Grave were posted from online death certificates which date to 1907. Therefore at least three decades of burials are largely unrecorded in the Find a Grave listing and will remain unknown unless Montana State Hospital has a listing and will make it known. The number of burials in the asylum cemetery would then likely swell to at least 3600.
[[Category:Active Institution]]
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]
[[Category:Montana]]
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]

File:broughton in snow 2017.jpg

2023-10-21T09:50:30Z

Smccuen:

File:panoramic Broughton 2016.jpg

2023-10-21T09:44:46Z

Smccuen:

Hastings State Hospital Nebraska

2020-08-05T12:51:08Z

Smccuen: /* History */

{{infobox institution
| name = Hastings Regional Center
| image = 30599.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Hastings State Hospital Nebraska
| caption =
| established = 1887
| construction_began =
| construction_ended =
| opened = 1889
| closed =
| demolished =
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]] (as a psychiatric facility)
| building_style = [[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]
| architect(s) = Charles C Rittenhouse
| location =
| architecture_style =
| peak_patient_population =
| alternate_names = 
*Asylum for the Incurable Insane (1889-1894)
*Asylum for the Chronic Insane (1895-1904)
*Nebraska State Hospital (1905-1914)
*Ingleside Hospital for the Insane (1915-1921)
*Hastings State Hospital (1921-1970)
*Hastings Regional Center (1971 - Current)
}}

==History==

With the population of the state increasing, the need for another hospital became evident, and in 1887, the legislature appropriated $75,000 for a "state asylum for the incurably insane" to be located at Hastings if the city would donate 160 acres of land for the purpose. The citizens of Hastings purchased 160 acres one mile west of the city limits. The land area was eventually increased to 630 acres. Patients were first received at the hospital on August 1, 1889 when forty four were transferred from Lincoln. Melvin Meals was assigned Number One and remained a patient until his death in 1895. Through 1916, 4,115 patients had been received. In December, 1916 there were 1,152 inmates, 405 women and 747 men.

Charles C Rittenhouse, Hastings architect, drew the plans for the building which was a three story brick with a tall central tower. In 1891 the north and south wings were added to the original building and in 1902 the North Annex was erected. In 1904 an amusement hall was built where dances and entertainments were held for patients. During this period the farm cottage and two greenhouses were built. In 1914 a large dairy barn was built and a herd of Holstein cows milked each day. A medical surgical building was erected in 1926, and in 1938 a psychiatric hospital was built. In 1957 the All Faiths Chapel was built with funds from thousands of donors.

Politics were the essential requisite for the job of superintendent in the early days of the institution. Dr. M. W. Stone, the first superintendent, came from Wahoo in May, 1889.

Originally the institution received inmates from the hospitals at Lincoln and Norfolk who were believed to be incurable, and the name of the Hastings hospital was "Hospital for the Incurably Insane." The legislature changed the name to "Asylum for the Chronic Insane" in 1895. In 1905 the name was changed to "Nebraska State Hospital" and in 1915 to "Ingleside Hospital for the Insane" , and in 1921 to "Hastings State Hospital" and in 1971 to its current name, "Hastings Regional Center."

In the 1800s patients were admitted to the asylums for many of the same reasons that bring people into psychiatric care today. The same mental illnesses existed then as now, the same stressors existed then as now, poverty, hunger, exhaustion, domestic troubles, disappointment in love, medical ailments, overwork, intemperance, substance abuse. But at that time physicians also thought that such things as masturbation triggered psychiatric disturbances and it was listed as a trigger and religious excitement was listed as a trigger when generally it was a symptom instead.

Early care of the patients was primarily custodial. Patients were trained to make beds, sweep floors, wash and polish furniture and to care for their own clothes. Winter and summer, patients retired at 8:00 p.m. The inmates were primarily cared for by ward attendants who lived on the wards. They were on duty 22 hours a day with only one half day off per week. Room and board were part of their salary and they had to be single. There were four supervisors, two male and two female. There were no graduate nurses, no technicians, and no physicians other than the assistant superintendent. There was an official steward and bookkeeper, a farmer, a gardener, and an engineer and his assistant.

Patients did most of the work on the farm and in the dairy. Hastings newspapers listed the amount of fall harvest and in 1929 reported the animal population as 125 turkeys, 3000 chickens, 400 ducks, 400 hogs, 300 pigs, and a dairy herd. The main objective of the farm was that the hospital be able to feed itself. In 1905 a post office named Ingleside was established on the grounds. The hospital superintendents were postmasters until 1913 when Percy Jones became the first civil service postmaster. The post office closed in 1972. From 1905 until 1972 the institution was commonly called Ingleside, the name of the post office.

During the 1920s and 1930s, a tuberculosis ward was located at the hospital. The early 1920s saw the first attempt at treatment of the mentally ill. Electro-shock treatment, which produced convulsions in the patient was begun. In the 1930s and 1940s, fever therapy, hydro-therapy and insulin shock therapy were begun. In the 1920s a dentist was hired. Prior to that inmates dental problems were simply ignored. Early in the 1950s the biggest beak-through in treatment came with the discovery of psychiatric drugs, which included tranquilizers. From that time on it was possible to unlock wards and start a program of rehabilitation of the inmate. Such services as occupational therapy, industrial therapy, recreational therapy, religious therapy, vocational therapy, psycho-therapy, reality therapy, transactional analysis and behavior modification were added.

In July, 1963 the Hastings State Hospital was re-organized into two Unit Hospitals, psychiatric and alcoholic. The south end of the campus was converted into a minimum security prison in 1987. This facility was turned over to the federal government as an Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Detention Center in 2002 and was subsequently closed in 2005. Today the facility is currently operated by the department of health and human services & houses the Hastings Juvenile Chemical Dependency Program. Only a few buildings remain on the property. In 2016 the legislature approved the building of a new facility and 2 living units. Money was also allocated for the demolition of vacant buildings.

== Cemetery ==
The cemetery has been in use since the institution opened, but no record of burials prior to 1909 exists. Numbers were used to mark the graves, there are no markers which contain names. About 1,000 people are buried in the cemetery. The last burial occurred in 1956.

*[https://history.nebraska.gov/sites/history.nebraska.gov/files/doc/Hastings%20Regional%20Center%20Cemetery%20Records%20Index.pdf Hastings State Hospital Cemetery Records Index from 1908-1959] (Note: This PDF was compiled by the Nebraska State Historical Society. Please direct questions about the index to them.)

== References ==
Evans, J. (1998). Hastings regional center: A 100 year history (undergraduate senior thesis). Hastings College History Department.

Renschler, C. (2014). ''Hastings regional center''. http://www.adamshistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35&catid=2&Itemid=42

== Images ==
{{image gallery|[[Hastings State Hospital Nebraska Image Gallery|Hastings State Hospital Nebraska]]}}

<gallery>
File:Hastings State Hosp 1.jpg
File:Hastings State Hosp PC1.jpg
File:PostCard08a.jpg
File:Nebraska State Hospital.JPG
File:hastings.png
</gallery>

[[Category:Nebraska]]
[[Category:Closed Institution]]
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]

East Mississippi State Hospital

2017-05-16T15:03:30Z

Smccuen: /* Images */

{{infobox institution
| name = East Mississippi State Hospital
| image = Eastern Mississippi State Hospital.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = East Mississippi State Hospital
| caption =
| established = March 8, 1882
| construction_began = 1882
| construction_ended = 1885
| opened = January 1885
| closed =
| demolished =
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]
| building_style = (original) [[Single Building Institutions|Single Building]] (current)[[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]
| architect(s) =
| location = Meridian, MS
| architecture_style =
| peak_patient_population =
| alternate_names = 
*East Mississippi State Insane Asylum
}}

==History==
On March 8, 1882, the Mississippi State Legislature approved enabling legislation to establish the East Mississippi State Insane Asylum. This came about largely due to the efforts of Miss Dorothea Dix, a champion for mentally ill in the United States. The city of Meridian purchased and donated 560 acres of land for the construction of the facility. The asylum opened its doors for service in January of 1885, with a 19 year old man from Meridian as the first patient.

In the years 1893 and 1894, three native magnolia trees and three Japanese magnolia trees were planted in front of the Administration Building. These trees make a beautiful entrance to the hospital even today.

The original structure was three stories and built on the Kirkbride plan. The administration was in the center with two wings consisting of three wards each. The capacity of this building was 250 patients. Since then, the campus had been develpoped on the Cottage plan and by 1916 in addition to the original building there were six cottages, and Tuberculosis building, and a building for treating the acute sick.

The name of the institution was changed from East Mississippi State Insane Asylum to East Mississippi Insane Hospital in 1898, and finally to East Mississippi State Hospital in the early 1930's, perhaps reflecting changes in attitudes toward the mentally ill nationwide.

During the early years the hospital was almost self sufficient with farming facilities, a hog farm, a cattle farm, a dairy barn, a poultry plant, and orchards of peach, apple, pear and pecan trees. A canning plant was built to process the produce.

In the mid 1950's the hospital realized much progress toward becoming a modern psychiatric hospital. Since its beginning the hospital had provided for only custodial purposes but during the 1950's it began to develop treatment services for the patients. With adequate and well-trained medical and psychiatric staff, the various kinds of therapies and the use of tranquilizing drugs were instituted. The hospital began to be recognized as a successful treatment center of psychiatric illness. It was also during this period that much improvement was made in the physical structures. The Administration Building was remodeled to modern standards and a new occupational therapy building, recreation building, and a new employee dormitory were constructed.

During the 1960's the admission rate for adolescent patients increased and the hospital began providing active treatment to younger residents of the state. It was also during this period that one of the buildings was converted into a skilled level nursing facility in order to provide nursing home services for those patients who no longer required psychiatric care but were in need of more medical and nursing services. This decade saw an increase in the number of admissions to state hospitals, but a decrease in the number of long-term patients as community based programs developed statewide.

An Alcohol Rehabilitation Center was established and a 96-bed intermediate nursing facility was licensed during the 1970's. To further in-service education by providing opportunities for employee training and advancement, the hospital established a series of courses to better prepare the psychiatric direct care workers for their duties. A deinstitutionalization program was reinstated with special emphasis on discharge planning and treatment programs. A halfway house was established in the community to provide former patients the opportunities to develop and exercise independent living skills.

During the 1980's the treatment team model was implemented and a unit to prepare long-term residents for discharge was developed. EMSH saw the development of the unit based treatment model which provided patients with an active treatment intervention to facilitate return to the community and to reduce the number of patients in extended treatment services. The Case Management System, Respite Program to divert admissions, and the Friendship Center were developed to provide psychosocial community based day treatment. Programming was expanded in existing community programs and efforts were made to promote community awareness and support. Group homes were established and supervised apartments became available to provide alternative living arrangements for former patients.

The 1990's brought an expansion of the parameters of patient care. Additional full-time staff was secured to offer a broader spectrum of services to the patients. Affiliations with medical hospitals and consultant physicians were added to the range of medical services available. All these changes improved the staff-patient ratio.

Education of staff was emphasized. Continuing in-service education was mandated for medical and other professionals and an academic linkage agreement was established with state colleges and universities to provide supervised clinical experiences for students.

In 1993, one of the hospital buildings was renovated to meet nursing home requirements and opened as Reginald P. White Nursing Facility 303. The EMSH adolescent school was officially named Magnolia Grove School and organized as a separate department with the appointment of a chief administrative officer. An internal school board was appointed to serve as governing body. In July of 1995, Magnolia Grove School completed all requirements to be certified as a Special School with full accreditation from the State Department of Education.

Opening of new facilities have marked the beginning of the twenty-first century. Two new group homes were opened in DeKalb?, MS in August 2001. These homes provide residence for ten men and ten women in a homelike setting.

The Bradley A. Sanders Adolescent Complex was dedicated April 18, 2002. Named after a longtime Department of Mental Health employee, the 50-bed complex was built on 63 acres of land near the hospital's main campus to replace the existing adolescent unit located in one of the hospital's older buildings.

A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 20, 2003, for construction of a new R.P. White Nursing Facility. It will be a state-of-the-art facility consisting of two 120-bed single story buildings which are being built on a beautiful eighteen-acre tract of EMSH property located in northwest Lauderdale County off Old Eighth Street Road. The new facility opened on 16 March 2006.

The city of Meridian, which seemed distant from the hospital a century ago, has surrounded the hospital; and today East Mississippi State Hospital is part of a growing area of schools, recreational areas, and special support services for the community. Except for services to the severely physically ill, EMSH provides inpatient services for adults and adolescents requiring psychiatric or substance abuse treatment as well as nursing home services. In addition, the hospital operates a continuum of community based services such as training center, halfway house, group homes, supervised apartments and a psychosocial center.

The future of East Mississippi State Hospital seems bright for the staff but brighter still for the citizens of Mississippi who are in need of the unique services the hospital offers.<ref>From hospital's own web page.</ref>

Cemetery: The cemetery is located at the far end of 22nd Street about two blocks from the hospital campus. There is no parking except directly in front of the locked gate, in the street. As of 2017 it is kept neatly. The more recent markers are at the far end of the cemetery on the right hand side, below a gravel drive. The oldest appear to be on the left hand side and over the rise of the hill. Not all markers are in place - having been disturbed and strewn about. The oldest markers lie flush with the ground and each bears only the decedent's hospital number. About half of the markers are newer granite blocks that rise about four inches from the ground and bear name and dates. There are a handful of markers that appear to have been erected by families. The cemetery listing on Find a Grave is incomplete.

[[File:Example.jpg]]==Images==
{{image gallery|[[East Mississippi State Hospital Image Gallery|East Mississippi State Hospital]]}}
<gallery>
File:East Mississippi State Hospital.jpg
File:Emsh02.jpg
File:Meridian.JPG
File:MSmeridian1885.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==Links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=l&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&q=East+mississippi+state+hospital&near=meridian,+ms&ie=UTF8&ll=32.375812,-88.730382&spn=0.00415,0.007231&t=k&z=17&om=1 An overhead shot of the hospital can be fond here.]
*[http://www.emsh.state.ms.us/index_files/Page506.htm Historic pictures of the hospital can be found here.]
*[http://www.emsh.state.ms.us/ The Hospital's web page]

[[Category:Active Institution]]
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]
[[Category:Mississippi]]
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]

East Mississippi State Hospital

2017-05-16T15:01:11Z

Smccuen:

{{infobox institution
| name = East Mississippi State Hospital
| image = Eastern Mississippi State Hospital.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = East Mississippi State Hospital
| caption =
| established = March 8, 1882
| construction_began = 1882
| construction_ended = 1885
| opened = January 1885
| closed =
| demolished =
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]
| building_style = (original) [[Single Building Institutions|Single Building]] (current)[[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]
| architect(s) =
| location = Meridian, MS
| architecture_style =
| peak_patient_population =
| alternate_names = 
*East Mississippi State Insane Asylum
}}

==History==
On March 8, 1882, the Mississippi State Legislature approved enabling legislation to establish the East Mississippi State Insane Asylum. This came about largely due to the efforts of Miss Dorothea Dix, a champion for mentally ill in the United States. The city of Meridian purchased and donated 560 acres of land for the construction of the facility. The asylum opened its doors for service in January of 1885, with a 19 year old man from Meridian as the first patient.

In the years 1893 and 1894, three native magnolia trees and three Japanese magnolia trees were planted in front of the Administration Building. These trees make a beautiful entrance to the hospital even today.

The original structure was three stories and built on the Kirkbride plan. The administration was in the center with two wings consisting of three wards each. The capacity of this building was 250 patients. Since then, the campus had been develpoped on the Cottage plan and by 1916 in addition to the original building there were six cottages, and Tuberculosis building, and a building for treating the acute sick.

The name of the institution was changed from East Mississippi State Insane Asylum to East Mississippi Insane Hospital in 1898, and finally to East Mississippi State Hospital in the early 1930's, perhaps reflecting changes in attitudes toward the mentally ill nationwide.

During the early years the hospital was almost self sufficient with farming facilities, a hog farm, a cattle farm, a dairy barn, a poultry plant, and orchards of peach, apple, pear and pecan trees. A canning plant was built to process the produce.

In the mid 1950's the hospital realized much progress toward becoming a modern psychiatric hospital. Since its beginning the hospital had provided for only custodial purposes but during the 1950's it began to develop treatment services for the patients. With adequate and well-trained medical and psychiatric staff, the various kinds of therapies and the use of tranquilizing drugs were instituted. The hospital began to be recognized as a successful treatment center of psychiatric illness. It was also during this period that much improvement was made in the physical structures. The Administration Building was remodeled to modern standards and a new occupational therapy building, recreation building, and a new employee dormitory were constructed.

During the 1960's the admission rate for adolescent patients increased and the hospital began providing active treatment to younger residents of the state. It was also during this period that one of the buildings was converted into a skilled level nursing facility in order to provide nursing home services for those patients who no longer required psychiatric care but were in need of more medical and nursing services. This decade saw an increase in the number of admissions to state hospitals, but a decrease in the number of long-term patients as community based programs developed statewide.

An Alcohol Rehabilitation Center was established and a 96-bed intermediate nursing facility was licensed during the 1970's. To further in-service education by providing opportunities for employee training and advancement, the hospital established a series of courses to better prepare the psychiatric direct care workers for their duties. A deinstitutionalization program was reinstated with special emphasis on discharge planning and treatment programs. A halfway house was established in the community to provide former patients the opportunities to develop and exercise independent living skills.

During the 1980's the treatment team model was implemented and a unit to prepare long-term residents for discharge was developed. EMSH saw the development of the unit based treatment model which provided patients with an active treatment intervention to facilitate return to the community and to reduce the number of patients in extended treatment services. The Case Management System, Respite Program to divert admissions, and the Friendship Center were developed to provide psychosocial community based day treatment. Programming was expanded in existing community programs and efforts were made to promote community awareness and support. Group homes were established and supervised apartments became available to provide alternative living arrangements for former patients.

The 1990's brought an expansion of the parameters of patient care. Additional full-time staff was secured to offer a broader spectrum of services to the patients. Affiliations with medical hospitals and consultant physicians were added to the range of medical services available. All these changes improved the staff-patient ratio.

Education of staff was emphasized. Continuing in-service education was mandated for medical and other professionals and an academic linkage agreement was established with state colleges and universities to provide supervised clinical experiences for students.

In 1993, one of the hospital buildings was renovated to meet nursing home requirements and opened as Reginald P. White Nursing Facility 303. The EMSH adolescent school was officially named Magnolia Grove School and organized as a separate department with the appointment of a chief administrative officer. An internal school board was appointed to serve as governing body. In July of 1995, Magnolia Grove School completed all requirements to be certified as a Special School with full accreditation from the State Department of Education.

Opening of new facilities have marked the beginning of the twenty-first century. Two new group homes were opened in DeKalb?, MS in August 2001. These homes provide residence for ten men and ten women in a homelike setting.

The Bradley A. Sanders Adolescent Complex was dedicated April 18, 2002. Named after a longtime Department of Mental Health employee, the 50-bed complex was built on 63 acres of land near the hospital's main campus to replace the existing adolescent unit located in one of the hospital's older buildings.

A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 20, 2003, for construction of a new R.P. White Nursing Facility. It will be a state-of-the-art facility consisting of two 120-bed single story buildings which are being built on a beautiful eighteen-acre tract of EMSH property located in northwest Lauderdale County off Old Eighth Street Road. The new facility opened on 16 March 2006.

The city of Meridian, which seemed distant from the hospital a century ago, has surrounded the hospital; and today East Mississippi State Hospital is part of a growing area of schools, recreational areas, and special support services for the community. Except for services to the severely physically ill, EMSH provides inpatient services for adults and adolescents requiring psychiatric or substance abuse treatment as well as nursing home services. In addition, the hospital operates a continuum of community based services such as training center, halfway house, group homes, supervised apartments and a psychosocial center.

The future of East Mississippi State Hospital seems bright for the staff but brighter still for the citizens of Mississippi who are in need of the unique services the hospital offers.<ref>From hospital's own web page.</ref>

Cemetery: The cemetery is located at the far end of 22nd Street about two blocks from the hospital campus. There is no parking except directly in front of the locked gate, in the street. As of 2017 it is kept neatly. The more recent markers are at the far end of the cemetery on the right hand side, below a gravel drive. The oldest appear to be on the left hand side and over the rise of the hill. Not all markers are in place - having been disturbed and strewn about. The oldest markers lie flush with the ground and each bears only the decedent's hospital number. About half of the markers are newer granite blocks that rise about four inches from the ground and bear name and dates. There are a handful of markers that appear to have been erected by families. The cemetery listing on Find a Grave is incomplete.

==Images==
{{image gallery|[[East Mississippi State Hospital Image Gallery|East Mississippi State Hospital]]}}
<gallery>
File:East Mississippi State Hospital.jpg
File:Emsh02.jpg
File:Meridian.JPG
File:MSmeridian1885.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==Links==
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=l&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&q=East+mississippi+state+hospital&near=meridian,+ms&ie=UTF8&ll=32.375812,-88.730382&spn=0.00415,0.007231&t=k&z=17&om=1 An overhead shot of the hospital can be fond here.]
*[http://www.emsh.state.ms.us/index_files/Page506.htm Historic pictures of the hospital can be found here.]
*[http://www.emsh.state.ms.us/ The Hospital's web page]

[[Category:Active Institution]]
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]
[[Category:Mississippi]]
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]

Cherry Hospital

2014-03-06T23:42:20Z

Smccuen:

{{infobox institution
| name = Cherry Hospital
| image = Goldboro.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| established = 1877
| construction_began = 1878
| construction_ended =
| opened = 1880
| closed =
| demolished =
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]
| building_style = [[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]
| architect(s) =
| location = Goldsboro, NC
| architecture_style =
| peak_patient_population =
| alternate_names = 
*Asylum for Colored Insane
*Eastern North Carolina Insane Asylum
*Eastern Hospital
*State Hospital at Goldsboro
}}

==History==

In 1877, the North Carolina General Assembly appointed a committee to recommend the selection of a site for a facility for the black mentally ill which would serve the entire state. On April 11, 1878, one hundred seventy-one acres of land two miles west of Goldsboro were purchased. The site was described by Governor Z. B. Vance as ideal for a hospital building because of good elevation in a high state of cultivation and central location for the black population.

On August 1, 1880, the first patient was admitted to the then named "Asylum for Colored Insane". Since that time, there have been several name changes including: The Eastern North Carolina Insane Asylum, Eastern Hospital, and State Hospital at Goldsboro. The name was changed to Cherry Hospital in 1959 in honor of Governor Gregg Cherry.

The bed capacity for the hospital when established was seventy-six but over one hundred patients were crowded into the facility by Christmas of 1880. These patients were being cared for through a $16,000 appropriation. On March 5, 1881, the Easthern North Carolina Insane Asylum was incorporated and a board of nine directors appointed. The Board of Directors sought more appropriations for treatment of the black mentally ill. A separate building was established for treating tubercular patients. In addition, a building for the criminally insane was opened in 1924.

The early treatment program was mainly custodial; however, early reports indicated that thirty-four percent were "cured" and released within the first six months of hospitalization. Chapel facilities and chaplain services were not available until the early 1950's but selected patients were allowed to visit churches in Goldsboro under supervision of an attendant. An occupation therapist was employed in 1932 but therapy was mainly confined to the farm, laundry, kitchen and yard work. Today a wide range of occupational and recreational therapies are provided.

Tranquilizing medications were widely used by 1955 and helped revolutionize patient treatment. As a result of extensive use of psychotropic drugs, the rate of discharges began to increase and the length of hospitalization decreased. While discharges increased, the admission rate also increased significantly and the resident population remained virtually stable at approximately 3,000 patients between 1950 and 1965. The highest rate of occupancy was approximately 3,500 patients. During its first 100 years of service, Cherry Hospital served 91,045 patients.

The budget for the hospital has grown from $16,000 in 1880, to over $64 million for Fiscal Year 2001-2002. There are currently 1,243 positions providing a wide range of patient care and programs as well as administrative support.

For the first eighty-five years of its history, Cherry Hospital served the entire black population for the State of North Carolina. In 1965, the hospital joined other state hospitals in implementing the Civil Rights Act. Cherry began serving patients from the thirty-three counties in the Eastern Region in 1965 by providing services for all races. Black patients at Cherry were transferred to hospitals in their appropriate region while Cherry received white patients from other hospitals in other regions.

A major milestone was reached in 1973 when Cherry Hospital was accredited for the first time by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. There have been subsequent surveys by this accrediting agency with each survey resulting in continued accreditation.

As Cherry Hospital enters the Twenty-first Century, we are keenly aware that treatment of the mentally ill is not a static process. The dynamic process of effectively helping the mentally ill requires a diligent and dedicated search for appropriate modes of treatment. Cherry Hospital is totally committed to the search of excellence in serving the mentally ill as reflected in our mission statement--"The mission of Cherry Hospital is to provide quality inpatient psychiatric services for the Citizens of Eastern North Carolina."<ref>[http://www.cherryhospital.org/history.htm http://www.cherryhospital.org/history.htm]</ref>

==Images==
<gallery>
File:goldsboropc.png
File:goldsboro1.png
File:NCgoldsboro1896.jpg| '''1896'''
File:NCgoldsboro1901.jpg| '''1901'''
File:NCgoldsboro1908.jpg| '''1908'''
File:goldsboro.jpg| '''1913'''
File:NCgoldsboro1918.jpg| '''1918'''
File:NCgoldsboro1924.jpg| '''1924'''
File:NCgoldsboro1950.jpg| '''1950'''
</gallery>

==Museum Information==
The Cherry Hospital Museum is located in the Special Services house on the hospital campus. The museum depicts the history of this psychiatric hospital opened in 1880 for the African American mentally ill. Written documents, photographs, a scrapbook, artifacts, and a PowerPoint presentation are available. Admission is free and open to the public from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday-Friday. Groups are welcome and tours may be scheduled in advance. 
Contact the museum at 919-731-3417

==Cemeteries==
There are reportedly at least three burial areas on the campus of the hospital. It is estimated that there are well over 3000 people buried on the grounds. Only some 700 or so graves are marked with upright brass crosses bearing patient name and dates. There is no known extant listing of all those buried here. However, an extensive listing of all those thought to have been buried on the hospital grounds since about 1913 may be found on Find a Grave. Death certificates are not available online for those who died before about 1913. (source: Suzannah McCuen, MD)

==References==
<references/>

==Links==
*[http://www.cherryhospital.org/ http://www.cherryhospital.org/]

[[Category:Active Institution]]
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]
[[Category:North Carolina]]
[[Category:Institution With A Museum]]

Broughton Hospital

2014-03-06T23:36:22Z

Smccuen:

{{infobox institution
| name = Broughton Hospital
| image = Brosh.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Broughton Hospital
| caption =
| established = 1875
| construction_began = 1875
| construction_ended =
| opened = 1883
| closed =
| demolished =
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]
| architect(s) =
| location = Morganton, NC
| architecture_style =
| peak_patient_population = 3,600
| alternate_names = 
*Western North Carolina Insane Asylum
*State Hospital at Morganton
}}

==History==
In 1850, Dorothea Dix persuaded the General Assembly to appropriate money for a state-run psychiatric hospital in Raleigh. By 1875, an estimated 700 North Carolinians were classified as “insane” and not receiving proper care. One hospital thus proved insufficient to meet the needs of the State’s mentally ill. Therefore, on March 20, 1875, the General Assembly voted to provide $75,000 to establish a second state hospital. Four western North Carolina cities, Statesville, Hickory, Asheville, and Morganton, competed to become the home for the institution that was to be known in its early years as the Western North Carolina Insane Asylum. Morganton was selected

Gifts and purchases resulted in 263 acres being acquired by the State in 1875. Work began almost immediately. As an economy measure, 50 convicts were released from penitentiaries and brought to Morganton to help make bricks for the hospital’s first building. The brick contractor was responsible for the feeding, safekeeping, and return of the convicts. Realizing that the building under construction would not provide adequate space and due to insufficient funding to expand its size, the General Assembly appropriated an additional $60,000 in 1877 for another wing. Five years later, in December 1882, the Avery Building and its south wing were completed. Dr. Patrick Livingston Murphy was hired as the first superintendent, a position in which he served for 25 years

In early 1883, the General Assembly directed that Dorothea Dix Hospital and the Western North Carolina Insane Asylum determine between themselves which of the State’s counties each hospital was to serve. On March 7, 1883, a line was drawn following the western boundary of Rockingham, Guilford, Randolph, Montgomery, and Richmond counties.

On March 29, 1883, the first patient was admitted to the Morganton facility. Shortly thereafter, approximately 100 patients were transferred by rail from the crowded hospital in Raleigh. During the first two years of operation, 252 patients were received. In his first biennial report in 1884, Dr. Murphy said, “There are some insane persons in our district who ought to be in the asylum but cannot be cared for.” The General Assembly heard his plea for more space and authorized the money to finish a north wing for the Avery Building to provide space for 150 additional patients. This wing opened in 1886. In that same year, the eastern boundary of the Western District was extended to Durham, Chatham, Moore, and Richmond counties. In 1887 the Scroggs Building was opened.

The name of the hospital was changed from the Western North Carolina Insane Asylum to the State Hospital at Morganton in 1890. This name was retained until 1959, when it was changed to Broughton Hospital after then Governor J. Melville Broughton.

During the early years of the hospital’s existence, many of the male patients worked on the hospital’s roads and grounds. A road was built to the hospital from the town of Morganton with the help of Broughton Hospital patients. Additional land was purchased, and by 1893 the total campus acreage was up to 331

By May 1899, the eastern dividing line for the Western District was changed to the western border of Granville, Durham, Chatham, Harnett, Cumberland, and Robeson counties. Additional buildings, including an airing court, a summer house for women, a bowling alley and billiard room, a bake house and dairy, a greenhouse, and a new stable and farm house were added to the campus. Yet additional land was purchased in 1900 at the Hunting Creek Bridge, and a golf course, which was used by patients and staff, was built near the Farm Colony.

===1900-1960s===
In the early 1900’s, the colony treatment approach was adopted, which resulted in the establishment of a number of detached residential units where patients could live in smaller groups in less of an institutional atmosphere. The colony houses were constructed to resemble other farmhouses in western North Carolina. Gardens, vineyards, and orchards surrounded these homes, as actual farming operations were undertaken to keep the custodial-care patients productively occupied. There were three colony groups involving ten buildings, which housed about 350 patients.

Influenza and pneumonia hit the hospital in 1901. At that time, the hospital served 52 counties in North Carolina. In 1903 the Harper Building opened, and in 1906 a large, new laundry was constructed. An amusement hall was also planned in front of the Scroggs Building at the strawberry patch, which is now the location of the Geropsychiatry parking lot and Watkin’s Garden. By 1908, buildings to house female tuberculosis patients and the Nurses’ Home were completed. The subsequent year, a new kitchen and bakeshop followed, along with a building to house male tuberculosis patients. In 1910, plumbing was replaced in the Avery Building, iron beds replaced wooden beds, and granite steps in the front of Avery Building were replaced with marble steps

Meanwhile, a state-level hospital commission was formed to inspect and supervise the hospitals. As far as treatment planning, there were daily staff meetings at the hospital where each patient’s case was presented and reviewed.

After the end of World War I (1918), public attitudes toward the State’s mental patients seemed to change. The mental health hospitals were forgotten by the Legislature and by the public. The performance of management was frequently measured by the amount of unexpended appropriations that could be reverted to the State Treasury. The cost of maintaining a patient in the institution at that time was less than $150 per year. The colony system was gradually phased out in the 1920’s. Nonetheless, additional buildings and physical plant improvements continued to be constructed: a receiving ward for men, a dorm for men, a staff apartment building, a central power plant, a cold storage plant, and an elevator for the Avery Building.

Staffing figures from that era indicated there was one physician to 355 patients and one attendant to 13 patients. Nurses were on duty 15 hours per day including Sundays, with one afternoon off each week from 2-6 PM and one evening off from 7-10 PM. Unit attendants slept on the wards with patients and received one Sunday off per month. During the period from 1932-1934, there was one physician to 500 patients and one nurse to 21 patients. The fifth floor of the Avery Building was designated for attendants while the third and fourth floors were available for patients. The basements were also fitted for units, giving over 500 more beds to the hospital. During the 1940’s, the hospital census grew to approximately 3600 patients.

During the next two decades, numerous buildings were added to the campus. In addition, new therapies such as occupational therapy, industrial therapy, and recreation therapy were made available to the patients. Affiliations were developed with medical and nursing schools. In 1963 the Community Mental Health Act was passed and President John F. Kennedy called for the creation of 2,000 community mental health centers, which were to be within the geographic and economic reach of all citizens.

In 1965 the State was divided into four regions, each containing a mental hospital. These regions were divided into geographic groupings of counties called catchment areas. At that time, Broughton Hospital’s responsibilities included eight catchment areas comprised of 32 counties. That same year, the hospital was reorganized and the unit system went into effect. Initially, there were seven units. During the latter part of 1966, the first worship service was held in the new Chapel.

In 1968, after the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the school program began on the fourth floor of the Avery Building. At that time, school-aged patients were housed in geographic units, and the only time they were grouped together was when they attended class.

===1970s-Today===
Throughout the early 1970’s, many changes took place at the hospital: the Physical Therapy Department was established; electroconvulsive therapy was started; Industrial Therapy began using a token system instead of giving snuff as payment to the patients; the Outpatient Clinic closed; Western Piedmont Community College and Gardner-Webb College began nursing affiliations with the Hospital; EEG equipment was purchased and the X-Ray Department added Nuclear Medicine; the new Vocational Rehabilitation Facility was completed and the local Foothills Area Program opened; Lithium was introduced to patients; the old amusement hall became the sheltered workshop; group therapy was first used on all units; patients began to wear their own clothing; the Neuroscience Department was created; patients’ rights policies were established; and the basement of the Chapel was completed. The Chapel basement became the site for a courtroom where patients’ hearings were held on a weekly basis. Such District Court civil hearings for involuntarily committed patients began in June 1974.

During 1972, more than in any other previous year, concern was expressed because adolescents, geriatric patients, and patients with alcoholic abuse problems were housed on geographic units. A proposal was drawn up for further division of the unit system. The rights of alcohol abusing patients also became an issue when the ruling was made that they could not be jailed for “public drunkenness” but must be allowed to go home or to a treatment center. Along with the issues of housing adolescents and the ESEA, the problem of recreation for the youth was an issue. Plans were made for a youth center in the basement of the Nurses Home, and the Youth Activities Program (YAP) opened. Also, a unit for the deaf was established in March 1974 to provide special care for the deaf, mentally ill population.

On March 28, 1973, Broughton Hospital received its first survey by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), and the hospital received a one-year accreditation. The latter part of 1973 brought another reorganization of the hospital. The Youth Unit and other specialty units were created. The Geropsychiatry Unit opened with the first patient admitted in October 1974. By 1975, the organizational structure of the treatment units appeared as follows: Units A, B, C, & D (Acute Adult Psychiatric Geographic Admissions); Unit E (Medical/Surgical); Unit F (Alcohol & Drugs); Unit G (Nursing/Geriatrics); Unit I (Intermediate Care); Unit J (Youth); Unit K (Geropsychiatry); Unit L (Eldercare - OBS); Unit M (Deaf); Unit O (High Management); Unit P (Community Placement); and Unit R (Habilitation - Mental Retardation).

During the latter part of the 1970’s, the Department of Health and Human Services implemented CARELINE, the Staff Development Department was created, construction began on the recreation shelter, OSHA training was given to all employees, and the Employee Assistance Program was established. Hospital expenses for inpatient stay increased, and by 1980 the daily costs were $62 (psychiatric), $65 (ICF), $74 (ICF/MR), and $141 (Medical/Surgical).

The 1980’s also brought many changes for Broughton Hospital. Surveys by outside accrediting bodies increased, hospital expenses continued to rise, new street signs were placed throughout the campus, the fitness trail was completed, the buildings on campus that were not named when constructed were given names, employee picnics and music festivals for patients became annual events, the Quick Response Safety Team was formed, the first service award banquet was held, ET (electronic transmitting) was designed to signal for emergency assistance, Greystone House was converted into a hospital museum and meeting/conference center, a literacy program for patients was established through VISTA, the Opportunity Center opened, and the first public exhibit of patients’ art was held at the Jailhouse Gallery.

The 1990’s brought budget crises, gas crunches, recycling efforts, and parking regulations. The Broughton Hospital Foundation was formed in December 1992 for the purpose of enhancing the lives of the clients at Broughton Hospital through donations, endowments, activities, etc.

In January 1998 the Twin Oaks Nursing Facility received a grant to provide a more homelike environment for its patients. This was the beginning of the Eden Alternative Program at Broughton hospital. A year later, the Twin Oaks Nursing Facility/Broughton Hospital became the only psychiatric hospital in the United States or Canada to hold the distinction of being accepted into the Eden Alternative’s Registry of Care Facilities. In recognition of its entry into the registry, Twin Oaks was presented with a plaque, called the Eden Tree, by the City of Morganton. In the context of a state-level thrust toward placing patients from state hospital based nursing facilities into community-based residential settings, in April 2002 the Twin Oaks Nursing Facility officially closed it doors.

The hospital is currently organized by function and program service, and at the level of units is comprised of four residential divisions with patients grouped by major treatment modalities, age, and patient need. The four divisions are Division A (Adult Admissions), Division M (Medical), Division P (Psychiatric Rehabilitation), and Division S (Specialty Services).

In May 2006 a new service opened its doors. Deaf Services (part of the Speciality Services Division) at Broughton Hospital is comprised of 14 beds for persons who are 18 and over who are deaf, with mental illness and/or substance abuse issues. This population is comprised of acute and longer stay patients who reflect various diagnostics groups.

Today, Broughton Hospital is the largest of the three psychiatric hospitals operated by the State of North Carolina within the Department of Health and Human Services under the Division of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services. The Hospital serves the 37 westernmost counties in the State, which have a population of over three million, or about 36.4% of the State’s total population. Services are rendered through direct admission to the hospital or through local managing entities (LME’s) in the hospital’s catchment area that provide outpatient services. Patients are admitted to the hospital by judicial commitment or on a voluntary basis. Today the hospital serves approximately 4000 patients per year with an average cost per day of $583. It employs approximately 1200 employees and has a 98 million-dollar annual operating budget.<ref>[http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/dsohf/broughton/html/history.html http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/dsohf/broughton/html/history.html]</ref>

== Images of Broughton Hospital ==
{{image gallery|[[Broughton Hospital Image Gallery|Broughton Hospital]]}}

<gallery>
File:Broughton-hospital-1.jpg
File:Broughton-hospital-2.jpg
</gallery>

==Cemetery==
Burials in this cemetery date back to the 1800's. There are more than 300 graves in the cemetery, marked by tags with the patient's initials and patient number. The hospital fire chief was Kelley Houk, a minister who also did embalming. Visitors are generally escorted to the cemetery. For information call 828-433-2111.

New information as of 1 Jan 2013: Burials in this cemetery date back to May 1883 when the first woman was buried here. The last burial was in 2012 and the last prior to that in 1997 and prior to that in 1953 when the practice of burying here was ended with the two exceptions noted above. There are a few more than 1580 men, women and stillborn children buried here. A complete listing can be found under Broughton Hospital cemetery on FindaGrave.com. (see http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid=2183934&CScn=broughton+hospital&)

Other current online listings are in error as they duplicate erroneous records including dates of birth, dates of death and misspelled names. The cemetery remains open to the public and no escort is required. Each grave is marked by a ground level marker bearing the patient number, abbreviated (and in some cases misspelled) name, year of birth (often erroneous but based on what was thought to be correct at time of admission and/or time of death) and year of death. These markers were placed during a joint project between the then Chaplain and an Eagle scout with funds donated as part of the project and with the assistance of Sossoman Funeral Home. A few of these markers have been removed due to mower damage and plans are in place to repair and reset them in 2013.

Many of the graves are also marked by stones erected by family, many of them soon after death and a steadily increasing number erected recently by descendants or other relatives. A few of the graves still have the brass tags hanging. These are the original markers and were suspended on chains strung along each row. These brass tags were stamped with a partial patient number and the person's initials. (source: Suzannah McCuen, MD)

Another patient was buried here in 2013 as no family members remained. (source: Suzannah McCuen, MD)

== References ==
<references/>

==Links==
*[http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/dsohf/broughton/index.html The hospital's web page]

[[Category:North Carolina]]
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]
[[Category:Active Institution]]
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]