http://www.asylumprojects.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=L-Leichtman&feedformat=atomAsylum Projects - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T13:15:46ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0http://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Bartonville_State_Hospital&diff=29915Bartonville State Hospital2015-04-16T16:19:52Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Bartonville State Hospital<br />
| image = Bart.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1885<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1902<br />
| closed = 1972<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]]<br />
| building_style = [[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = Peoria, IL<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 2,800 in 1952<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Peoria State Hospital<br />
*Peoria State Hospital for the Incurable Insane<br />
*Illinois General Hospital for the Insane<br />
*Bartonville Asylum <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Construction on the Bartonville State Hospital began in 1885, and the main structure-an enormous building most closely resembling a medieval castle-was completed in 1887. The building was never used, apparently due to the structural damage caused when the abandoned mine shafts it was built over collapsed. The psychiatric hospital was rebuilt in 1902 under the direction of Dr. George Zeller and implemented a cottage system of 33 buildings, including patient and caretaker housing, a store, a power station, and a communal utility building. Zeller was considered a pioneer of a kinder generation of mental health care, using no window bars or other restraints in his design.<br />
<br />
At its peak in the 1950s, Bartonville housed 2,800 patients. The hospital remained in operation until 1972. After its closing, the buildings remained unused and were auctioned off to anyone who would demolish them. Due to the bankruptcy of the intended buyer, however, the buildings are now the property of Winsley Durand, Jr., who has converted most of the structures into office space.<br />
<br />
In July 2008, the non-profit group "Save The Bowen, Inc." purchased the former nurses residence, known as the Bowen Building. They are beginning the task of restoring it to it's original condition. <br />
<br />
== Images of Bartonville State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Bartonville State Hospital Image Gallery|Bartonville State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Barton09.png<br />
file:Barton07.png<br />
file:Peoria.jpg<br />
File:Peoria-State-Hospital-2a.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
Since the closing of the State Hospital, all records have been (and remain) closed. The last body laid to rest was in 1973. The State of Illinois decreed that historians and genealogists can not record the names, birth & death dates of any grave. Over 1500 are identified and those are recorded. But many of the remaining graves bear only a number & the State of Illinois will not release information even under a Court Order to do so.<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://peoria-asylum.com/ Preservation group site]<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Bittersweet Memories: A History of the Peoria State Hospital'', by Gary L. Lisman and Arlene Parr <br />
*''Asylum Light: Stories from the Dr. George A. Zeller Era and Beyond; Peoria State Hospital, Galesburg Mental Health Center, and George A. Zeller Mental Health Center'', by James Sheridan Ward<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States'' by Carla Yanni<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
A 3-part series done by Janette Washington as part of a senior thesis.<br />
<videoflash>TD5AD17OUOg</videoflash> <videoflash>2rew5jwp6u0</videoflash> <videoflash>XXaHfhOWW-o</videoflash><br />
<br />
[[Category:Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Buffalo_State_Hospital&diff=29914Buffalo State Hospital2015-04-16T16:14:44Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Links & Additional Information */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Buffalo State Hospital<br />
| image = Buffalo02.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Twin towers of BSH<br />
| caption = Admin of Buffalo State Hospital<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1870 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1880 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] and [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Henry Hobson Richardson <br />
| location = Buffalo, NY<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Buffalo Psychiatric Center, <br />
*Buffalo State Lunatic Asylum, <br />
*H.H. Richardson Complex, <br />
*Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane, <br />
*Richardson Olmsted Complex <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Henry Hobson Richardson Complex, or the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane, as it was originally called, started construction in 1870 and was completed almost 20 years later. It was a state-of-the-art facility when it was built, incorporating the most modern ideas in psychiatric treatment. The design of the buildings as well as the restorative grounds, designed by famed landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted, were intended to complement the innovations in psychiatric care practiced at this facility.<br />
<br />
[[image:HPIM1833.JPG|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
At the time Richardson was commissioned to design the complex he was still relatively unknown, but he was later to become the first American architect to achieve international fame. The complex was ultimately the largest building of his career and the first to display his characteristic style - what came to be known as Richardsonian Romanesque – and is internationally regarded as one of the best examples of its kind. Among many others, his genius also yielded the New York State Capital, the Albany City Hall, Trinity Church in Boston, and the Glessner House in Chicago.<br />
<br />
The complex and grounds were originally built on 203 acres of largely undeveloped farmland. The V-shaped design consisted of the central tower building with five buildings flanking on each side, connected by curved corridors, branching out in a “flock of geese” formation. This design was representative of what was then known as the Kirkbride system, named after the physician who developed it. As a stage of development in the classification and treatment of mental illnesses, Kirkbride’s system was designed with a central administration building flanked by patient wards in a V-formation. This enabled patients to be gathered according to the type and level of their illness. Rooms were arranged along both sides of the corridor and the buildings were designed for maximum light, ventilation, and privacy, and a home like atmosphere.<br />
<br />
The central tower building and adjacent buildings were constructed using Medina Sandstone quarried in nearby Orleans County. The wings were constructed with brick.<br />
<br />
[[image:Buffalo01.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
A plan for laying out the grounds was prepared by Olmsted and partially completed. Olmsted’s paths and arrangement of spaces were designed to facilitate the activities and philosophy underlying the Kirkbride system. Calvert Vaux, also a landscape architect and collaborator with Olmsted, contributed to the final layout.<br />
<br />
The final landscape design laid out the front side of the grounds as a park-style open space, ringed by winding walkways. It was thought that the park-like setting with spacious tree-shaded lawns would have a calming and therapeutic effect on the patients. The grounds behind the hospital buildings were the site of a large, 100-acre farm which extended to the rear boundary of the grounds at the Scajaquada Creek. These farmlands served to provide patients with constructive outdoor physical work in the form of farming, believing that purposeful physical labor would contribute to increasing the patients’ healing and general well-being.<br />
<br />
Treatment for people with mental illness continued in the Complex until the late 1990’s. The new Strozzi Building of the Buffalo Psychiatric Center was built east of the historic complex in 1965. Over time services and administrative offices were moved out of the historic complex and into the new facilities, where they continue. In 1997, after completing an extensive statewide Master Plan, the NYS Office of Mental Health announced its intention to divest itself of several psychiatric hospital sites, including the old Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
Sections of the Richardson Complex were demolished and the buildings gradually deteriorated. In 1969 the three brick buildings on the east wing were demolished to make room for an adolescent treatment facility. The entire complex of buildings was abandoned and, left uncared for by the State of NY, allowed to deteriorate.<br />
<br />
In previous studies, as well as the most recent one, numerous reuse options were evaluated but none were implemented. Among the options studied were: research incubator educational park; office or residential uses; arts center with various galleries, studios, etc.; and senior assisted living housing and the consolidation of Buffalo Public School’s Olmsted Schools.<br />
<br />
The complex is internationally regarded as one of architecture’s great treasures. In 1973 it was added to the State and National Registers of Historic Places, and in 1986 it was registered as a National Historic Landmark – one of only seven such sites in Western New York - and is listed on the National Trust’s list of twelve nationwide "sites to save" and the Preservation League’s statewide list of seven "sites to save." <ref>Source: [http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/history.php http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/history.php] - Richardson Center Complex, Buffalo NY</ref><br />
<br />
== Images of Buffalo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Buffalo State Hospital Image Gallery|Buffalo State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:BSH116448pr.jpg <br />
file:BSH116449pr.jpg<br />
File:Buffalo State Hospital NY2.jpg<br />
file:HPIM1844.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
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* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/buffalo<br />
<br />
<videoflash type="vimeo">24944925</videoflash><br />
<br />
----<br />
The following is a video done on Buffalo State Hospital for a college project by [http://www.youtube.com/user/ael101090 ael101090].<br />
<videoflash>g9tEhQ8SMho</videoflash><br />
<br />
----<br />
This video was created by the Richardson Center Corporation and Odessa Pictures. It gives a brief history and overview of the Kirkbride. <br />
<br />
<videoflash>RgZrebpkx9g</videoflash><br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information == <br />
*[http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/ Richardson Center Corporation] - Preservation group<br />
*[http://nysasylum.com/bpc/bpchome.htm NYS Asylum] - Lots of really great photos<br />
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=pphhphoto&fileName=ny/ny0200/ny0207/photos/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=State%20Lunatic%20Asylum,%20400%20Forest%20Avenue,%20Buffalo,%20Erie%20County,%20NY&displayType=1&itemLink=D?hh:23:./temp/~pp_NODy:: Historic American Buildings Survey] - Historical Photos<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/buffalo/ Buffalo State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/ Buffalo State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.H._Richardson_Complex Buffalo State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/documents/HSR_FINAL_website_2.pdf Richardson Olmsted Complex Historic Structures Report]<br />
*[http://buffalovr.com/bpc/ A 360 degree look of the interior of the complex]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:New York]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Greystone_Park_State_Hospital&diff=29913Greystone Park State Hospital2015-04-16T16:12:46Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Additional Links & Information */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Greystone Park State Hospital<br />
| image = Greystone1.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Greystone Park State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1871<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1876<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = <br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = 7,674 in 1953<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Morristown<br />
*Morristown State Hospital<br />
*Morris Plains State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Originally opened on August 17, 1876, the hospital was known as the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Morristown. The asylum officially received the familiar Greystone Park name in 1924. The idea for such a facility was conceived in the early 1870s at the persistent lobbying of Dorothea Lynde Dix, a former school teacher who was an advocate for better health care for people with mental illnesses. Because of her efforts, the New Jersey Legislature appropriated $2.5 million dollars to obtain about 3.007 square kilometers (743 acres) of land for New Jersey’s second "lunatic asylum." Great care was taken to select a location central to the majority of New Jersey's population near Morristown, Parsippany, and Newark. The land Greystone was built on was purchased by the state in two installments between 1871 and 1872 for a total of $146,000.<br />
<br />
At this time in history, New Jersey's state-funded mental health facilities were exceedingly overcrowded and sub par compared to neighboring states that had more facilities and room to house patients. Greystone was built, all 62,589 m² (673,706 ft²) of it, in part to relieve the only — and severely overcrowded — "lunatic asylum" in the state, which was located in Trenton, New Jersey. In fact, Greystone's initial 292 patients were transferred from the Trenton facility to Greystone based on geographic distribution, setting precedent for Greystone to become the facility that would generally accept patients whose residences were in the northern part of the state. This proved to be the very reason why Greystone quickly became overcrowded in the heavily-populated North while the Trenton facility's number of patients remained relatively stable in the sparsely populated South.<br />
<br />
===Growing Pains===<br />
<br />
In just four years after Greystone opened, it was already accommodating around 800 patients in a facility designed for 600. By 1887, the exercise rooms and attic space were converted to dormitories to create extra rooms for the influx of new patients. In an attempt to relieve the further overcrowding, the Dormitory Building was built behind the Main Building in 1901. It, however, wasn't enough to ameliorate the problem and thus in the same year the dining rooms on each floor had to be converted into dormitories as well. 13 years later, in 1914, the facility housed 2,412 patients, but now had an absolute maximum capacity of 1,600.<br />
<br />
The next few decades saw a flurry of construction as supply was scrambling to meet demand. Of note was a new reception building named after the influential Greystone superintendent, Marcus Curry. Patient numbers are believed to have peaked in 1953 with an impressive 7,674 people packed into spaces designed for significantly fewer. An explanation for this dramatic increase can be found in the fact that World War II had ended and left many soldiers requiring treatment for Post-traumatic stress disorder, which included procedures such as Insulin shock therapy and Electroconvulsive therapy. Greystone was one of the few places in the country capable of treating such patients.<br />
<br />
===Modern Day===<br />
<br />
The 1970s and 1980s finally saw some weight lifted from this overcrowded facility because of the trend toward de-institutionalization, which was a direct effect of the use of Thorazine, one of the first drugs that was capable of treating the mentally ill. The trend continued to a point when Greystone was only a 550-bed facility when then Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman announced in 2000 that the state was going to close the facility by 2003. Some patients were slowly transferred to smaller-capacity programs, reducing the number of residential patients to approximately 450 in 2005. Then, on September 8, 2005, the New Jersey Health Care Facilities Financing Authority closed a $186,565,000 bond issue on behalf of the State of New Jersey Department of Human Services for the completion of a new, 43,000 m² (460,000 ft²) Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital, which is scheduled to be open in October 2007, still with a shortage of about 75 beds.<br />
<br />
The decision to close Greystone in 2000 came about not only because of concerns for the aging buildings, but also due to the recent negative press it was receiving. Specifically, accounts of sexual assault in a hospital elevator, patients committing suicide, patients becoming pregnant, and a twice-convicted rapist escaping did not help Greystone's public image. The last patient left Greystone's Kirkbride building (the main building) in 1988 and, except for a tiny section preserved for administrative offices, the state shut off the heat, turned out the lights and walked away.<br />
<br />
The current Greystone campus covers over a square mile and consists of 43 buildings.<br />
<br />
===The Kirkbride===<br />
<br />
The original Second Empire Victorian style building was 62,589 m² (673,706 total square feet). At the base of this massive building was the alleged largest continuous foundation in the United States from the time it was built until it was surpassed by the Pentagon when it was constructed in 1943. However, many other Kirkbride asylum buildings (such as the Ohio State Asylum for the Insane) also lay a claim to this fame and it has not been verified which one is true. The building has a characteristic linear arrangement, which was designed to the specifications of the Kirkbride Plan. The main building has a center section that was used for administrative purposes with three wings radiating out from the center, each about 42.7 meters (140 ft) long. They were set back from the previous one so that patients could enjoy the beauty of the outside surroundings. This was a central concept, along with moral treatment, that was the hallmark of the Kirkbride Plan for treating the mentally ill. The building form itself was meant to promote treatment and have a curative effect.<br />
<br />
Each ward was initially set up to accommodate 20 patients. Each was furnished with a dining room, exercise room, and parlor. Most wards had wool rugs that ran the full length of the corridors. Other amenities included Victorian stuffed furniture, pianos, pictures, curtains and fresh flowers. Though not all wards were created equally. Wards that housed the most excitable patients were sparsely furnished — presumably for their own safety — with sturdy oak furniture.<br />
<br />
Initial fees were $3.50 per week for a normal patient. For persons seeking private apartment-style living, the rent could be anywhere from $5.00 to $10.00 per week.<br />
<br />
During the time that Greystone was built, the predominant philosophy in psychology was that the mentally ill could be cured or treated, but only if they were in an environment designed to deal with them. A major proponent of this philosophy was Thomas Story Kirkbride, who participated in the design phase of the main building at Greystone, though the two main designers were architect Samuel Sloan and Trenton State Asylum Superintendent Horace Buttolph (a friend of Kirkbride's). The building was constructed and furnished according to Kirkbride's philosophy, which proposed housing no more than 250 patients in a three story building. The rooms were to be light and airy with only two patients to a room. To reduce the likelihood of fires, Greystone and other Kirkbride asylums were constructed using stone, brick, slate and iron, using as little wood as possible. A street on the Greystone Park campus bears Buttolph's name.<br />
<br />
The Greystone campus itself was once a self-contained community that included staff housing, a post office, fire and police stations, a working farm, and vocational and recreational facilities. It also had its own gas and water utilities and a gneiss quarry, which was the source of the Greystone building material. Below the building, a series of tunnels and rails connect the many sections. Its self-sufficient design is a testament to the legacy of the asylums of its era. Like the layout and interior of the building, the Greystone grounds with rolling greens, lavish gardens, and fountain features were designed to aid in the treatment of the mentally ill.<br />
<br />
===Greystone in the 21st Century===<br />
<br />
Until 2003, the future of most of the historic buildings was uncertain. Many of the buildings are vacant and need major repairs. Preservationists have been working for several years to guarantee the survival of this complex of buildings. Morris County had been negotiating with the State of New Jersey to take over vacant structures for non-profit agencies. In 2003, Morris County finalized plans to purchase about 300 acres (1.2 km²) of Greystone Park from the state for $1.00. The purchase included many of the vacant, dilapidated buildings. As of 2008 the buildings located on the land purchased by Morris County have been demolished in preparation for building a park. The new park has been named "Central Park" in an effort to distance it from the asylum's history.<br />
<br />
Ground was ceremonially broken on November 16, 2005, for the new psychiatric hospital on the Greystone campus (behind the Kirkbride). The estimated date of opening was October 2007. However the due to many delays and problem the hospital did not receive patients until July of 2008. The new hospital is two-thirds the size of the Kirkbride building and will house about 450 patients, with another 100 patients living in hospital-run cottages on the grounds around the main building. All clients of Greystone are being transferred from their current buildings, to the new main building of the hospital. A mass move is planned thus housing for clients will be limited to the new main building as well as the cottages on the grounds.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital]</ref><br />
<br />
Demolition began on the left wing of the Kirkbride on April 6th 2015, tearing down the end 2-story isolation wards and removing part of the roof of the end 4-story wards. Preservation efforts continue in an attempt to salvage the remainder of the historic building. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Greystone Park State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Greystone Park State Hospital Image Gallery|Greystone Park State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Greystone8.png<br />
File:Greystone9.png<br />
File:Greystone10.png<br />
File:Greystone11.png<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/greystone<br />
<br />
<videoflash type="vimeo">25578425</videoflash><br />
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----<br />
<br />
This video was done by Greystone Park Preservation Society:<br />
<br />
<videoflash>K0VCMRbKYbw</videoflash><br />
<br />
==News & Updates==<br />
<br />
----<br />
The following video entitled "Greystones Last Stand - Extended Preview" was created by Antiquity Echoes.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>I0hsLKhYwig</videoflash><br />
<br />
*[http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/morris/index.ssf?/base/news-5/121912052851170.xml&coll=1 Old Greystone hospital is wrecked by vandals - Tuesday, August 19, 2008]<br />
*[http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/four_people_charged_with_break.html Four people charged with breaking into Parsippany's Greystone Psychiatric Hospital - Wednesday September 10, 2008, 10:54 AM]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Additional Links & Information==<br />
<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HospitalZ.htm More Aerials of Greystone Park.]<br />
*[http://www.preservegreystone.org/ Preserve Greystone]<br />
*[http://www.savegreystone.org/ Greystone Park Historical Project]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital Greystone @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/greystonepark/ Greystone @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/morristown_nj/index.html Greystone @ Historic Asylum]<br />
*[http://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmhs/oshm/gpph/ NJ Dept of Health Official Website]<br />
*[http://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmhs/oshm/gpph/GPPH_new_beginnings.ppt A Power Point slide show of the new hospital]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
[[Category:New Jersey]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Hudson_River_State_Hospital&diff=29912Hudson River State Hospital2015-04-16T16:10:28Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* References */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Hudson River State Hospital<br />
| image = Hudson11.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Hudson River State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began = 1868<br />
| construction_ended = 1895<br />
| opened = 1871<br />
| closed = Jan 25, 2012<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Frederick Clarke Withers (Grounds: Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux)<br />
| location = <br />
| architecture_style = Victorian High Gothic / Victorian Gothic<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Hudson River Psychiatric Center<BR><br />
*Hudson Heritage Park<BR><br />
*Hudson River Asylum for the Insane<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The following is from a 1916 report===<br />
In 1866, eleven years after the strong memorial presented to the Legislature by county superintendents of the poor setting forth the neglected condition of the insane and recommending the establishment of two additional state hospitals for their care and treatment, Governor Fenton appointed five commissioners to secure a suitable site "on or near the Hudson River below the City of Albany, upon which to erect the Hudson River Asylum for the Insane." The offer of a 208-acre farm jointly by the County of Dutchess and the City of Poughkeepsie was accepted and during the following year the Legislature appropriated $100,000 for the construction of one building. Meanwhile there had been appointed a Board of Managers of nine members, who had selected as superintendent Dr. Joseph M. Cleaveland, who had received his training in the parent institution at Utica. With the appropriation above referred to the managers procured an additional 84 acres of land and authorized a New York firm of architects, Messrs. Vaux, Withers & Co., to prepare plans and specifications for a hospital to accommodate 250 patients of each sex. At the same time extensive plans were adopted for the improvement of the grounds. No patients were received until 1871 and only seven patients were accommodated during that year.<br />
<br />
In 1872 the total cost of the buildings thus far reached $1,000,000 with current accommodations for only 212 patients. The State Comptroller criticized the managers for spending such and excessive amount of money and having little to show for it. In the managers reply it was pointed out that after the close of the Civil War, and especially by the enactment of the new eight-hour law, the greatly increased cost of both labor and material was responsible for the high costs. They asserted that the plan followed by them of constructing the hospital by day's work rather than by contract was the best to follow; further, that "although the hospital has cost money, it is worth the money" and that the Governor, Comptroller and other state officials had inspected the buildings and had approved the plans and specifications and general scheme of construction. However, appropriations for additional work of any magnitude were deferred until 1875, when the Governor, with legislative sanction, appointed a building superintendent to control the further construction of the hospital buildings. It was also ordered that all building operations be done under contract. Although $1,500,000 were expended in the 18 years intervening between 1868 and 1886, accommodations for only 400 patients had been provided.<br />
<br />
In March, 1893, Dr. Cleaveland resigned and was succeeded by Dr. Charles W. Pilgrim, who had previously served as superintendent of the [[Willard State Hospital]]. With appropriations granted in 1891 a group of cottages had been completed on a distant portion of the hospital grounds for the accommodation of 320 of the insane remaining in the poorhouses of the state. Dr. Pilgrim also found it possible by readjustment of sitting rooms and dormitories to provide accommodations in the main institution for 302 additional patients. Thus the capacity of the institution was increased from 800 beds in 1890 to 1400 in 1893. The central group of buildings, nearly a mile from the main establishment, was enlarged and greatly improved. In 1898 the huge north wing was added, thus increasing the capacity further to 1970. The reception building, designed and equipped specially for the care and treatment of new and supposedly curable cases, was occupied in 1908, as was also the building known as Inwood, designed specially for the care of the chronic insane. The capacity was further increased by these buildings to 2708. The land now comprised in the grounds and buildings has reached 1000 acres.<br />
<br />
The title of this institution adopted at the time of its organization is the Hudson River State Hospital.<br />
<br />
The different groups of buildings permit an excellent classification, the tubercular and epileptic, the most troublesome and dangerous of all, being removed from the general wards. The hospital is thoroughly equipped and has every facility for doing the most advanced psychiatric work. The staff consists of 20 physicians, and there are 608 employees engaged in the work of the hospital. Superintendent Pilgrim served as State Commissioner in Lunacy for one year, 1906, on leave of absence from the hospital.<br />
<br />
The main hospital buildings are located on a beautiful slope which extends to the banks of the Hudson River and affords a variety of beautiful vistas.<br />
<br />
A trained pathologist, who devotes his entire time to studies of the brain and nervous system, is one of the valuable adjuncts of the hospital. Another feature of merit is a thoroughly organized training school for nurses, which is conducted with enthusiasm and success by the medical staff. A no less important feature is the course of training for beginners, t. e., ward attendants, all of whom are given a course of five lectures, one by the first assistant physician, on the general subject of insanity, the necessity of forbearance, especially on the part of attendants detailed to escort patients to the hospital, and general features of the insanity law; the remaining five on practical ward work, bathing, dining room and kindred work.<br />
<br />
Staff meetings are held four times each week, at which unusual cases are submitted for study and diagnosis. During 1913 the accommodations in the Edgewood Building for 40 patients of the most disturbed class were finished and made ready for occupancy. Two considerable extensions of the reception building were finished, increasing the capacity of the building by 16. These additions were supplemented by spacious verandas. A large sewing room for the disturbed and semi-demented *omen patients was completed and an average of 70 patients are now employed therein.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=aPssAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a&output=text</ref><br />
<BR><br />
[[image:Hrsh kirkbride 3.jpg|300px|left]]<br />
===The Kirkbride===<br />
Frederick Clarke Withers designed the Kirkbride style Main Building in 1867. It was intended to be completed quickly, but went far over its original schedule and budget and remained under construction for almost a quarter century after it first opened. A nine-member Board of Managers was created and appointed to initiate and oversee construction of the actual building. Withers planned a building 1,500 feet (457 m) in length and over 500,000 square feet (45,000 m²) in area, most of its two wings that would house patients. It was the first institutional building in the U.S. designed in the High Victorian Gothic style. Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmstead, designers of New York's Central Park, laid out the surrounding landscape. Like Withers, they had been mentored by the influential Andrew Jackson Downing in nearby Newburgh.<br />
<br />
The centerpiece of his design was the administration building. The two wings, designed to hold 300 patients of either sex, were divided by a chapel placed between them in the yard behind the administration building so that patients could not see into the rooms of the opposite sex. The building and landscape plan were meant to aid in patients' recovery, by giving them adequate space and privacy and imbuing their healing with a sense of grandeur.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1868, with the cost estimated at $800,000. Cost-saving measures included the construction of a new dock on the Hudson so that building materials could be shipped more directly to the site, quarrying and cutting the foundation stones on site, mixing concrete from local materials and hiring local craftsmen instead of a general contractor. The board also deviated from the plan it had sent the state, in particular by building a shorter female wing when it came to believe that fewer patients of that sex would be admitted. As a result it is one of the few Kirkbride hospitals to have been built with asymmetrical wings.<br />
<br />
Despite efforts to save money, the board was slightly over the $100,000 it had expected to spend that year, according to its first annual report. The main building was completed and opened, with 40 patients admitted, in October 1871. As work continued on other structures planned for the complex, so did the cost overruns. In 1873, the year county residents had been promised the hospital would be finished, the New York Times ran an editorial harshly criticizing the board for not only having gone way over budget but for lavish extravagance and waste:<br />
<br />
The managers have entirely disregarded the law by which they were authorized to act. They have altered the plans and specifications ... Some of the details of the extravagance of the board are amazing. For instance, the first part of the work undertaken was the construction of a reservoir, into which the water was pumped from the river through an eight-inch (20 cm) iron pipe; from the reservoir the water was carried to the hospital by a twelve-inch (30 cm) iron pipe, the engine and machinery employed being on the scale of those used in supplying a neighboring city of 20,000 inhabitants. The cost of the reservoir was $100,000. Thirty thousand dollars was expended in blasting some rough rocks jutting into the reservoir, and the Superintendent gave as a reason for this that, if some of the patients were missing, they might want to rake the bottom of the reservoir to find the bodies, and with this the rocks would interfere ... The floors are laid in yellow Southern pine, the most expensive of the flooring, fitted and cut in a way greatly to enhance the cost. The heating is arranged on a scale that, with only 150 patients, ten tons (9 tonnes) of coal per day is consumed. The mention of these items sufficiently explains the disappearance of $1,200,000 of the people's money.<br />
<br />
Some efforts were made to stop the project, but the legislature continued to appropriate funds despite further revelations like these. Construction continued until 1895, when further money could not be found. Despite this expenditure of time and money, the hospital's original plan was still not complete, and never would be.<br />
<BR><br />
[[image:Hudson9ariel1969.jpg|300px|left]]<br />
<br />
===Hudson River Psychiatric Center===<br />
Many new buildings continued to be constructed throughout the first part of the 20th century. As late as 1952 the institution was treating as many as 6,000 patients. Changes in the treatment of mental illness, such as psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs, were making large-scale facilities relics and allowing more patients to lead more normal lives without being committed. By the late 1970s the hospital administration decided to shut down the two main wings of the Kirkbride building, as few patients were residing in them and due to neglect some of the floors had collapsed. The state offices of Mental Health and Historic Preservation clashed over a plan to demolish the wings, even after the National Historic Landmark designation in 1989. In the 1990s, more and more of the hospital site would be abandoned as its services were needed less and less. The hospital consolidated with [[Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center]] in 1994 and closed the main campus (including the Kirkbride building) in 2001. The remaining hospital operations moved into a much smaller building nearby.<br />
<br />
The state had decided to sell the main hospital campus for redevelopment, and in 2005 the Empire State Development Corporation sold 156 acres (62 ha) including the Kirkbride Main Building to Hudson Heritage LLC, a subsidiary of the Chazen Companies, for $2.75 million. Hudson Heritage and Chazen plan to thoroughly renovate the Kirkbride into a combination hotel/apartment complex as the centerpiece of a residential/commercial campus, Hudson Heritage Park. Redevelopment plans hit two setbacks later in the 2000s. In 2005, the Town of Poughkeepsie imposed a moratorium on new construction while it adjusted its zoning to deal with its growth. Hudson Heritage has been seeking to have a "historic revitalization district" created for the property that would help spur its growth. Then, on May 31, 2007, lightning struck the south wing of the Kirkbride, causing one of the most serious fires in Dutchess County's history. It is unclear whether that portion of the building can be effectively restored after such severe damage.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_State_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_State_Hospital]</ref> As of January 2012 no progress has been made on renovating the Kirkbride or the grounds.<br />
<br />
===Closure===<br />
In May 2011, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a restructuring of mental health facilities after the Legislature adopted a budget that he said would close an overall state budget deficit of $10 billion. The closure of the Hudson River hospital would affect 375 workers and about 125 patients. A spokeswoman for the state Office of Mental Health, Leesa Rademacher, said most of the patients were moved over time after the announcement in 2011, the last 15 were relocated the week of the hospital's closing. Patients were moved to other New York facilities, primarily [[Rockland Psychiatric Center]] in Orangeburg. Many of the hospital employees took jobs in other facilities or state agencies where their civil service seniority gave them “bumping” rights to displace less-senior workers in similar titles. Others lost their jobs. The hospital was officially closed on January 25, 2011. <ref>http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20120125/NEWS01/301250015/Hudson-River-Psychiatric-Center-like-ghost-town-?odyssey=mod|newswell|text|PoughkeepsieJournal.com|s</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Hudson River State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Hudson River State Hospital Image Gallery|Hudson River State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Pho 0017 small.jpg<br />
File:Pho 1 lrg.jpg<br />
File:Hudson State NY.jpg<br />
File:Hudson PostCard 006.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== Videos ==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/hudson<br />
<br />
<videoflash type="vimeo">25882485</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.hudsonheritage.com/ Hudson Heritage Park - The company that is redeveloping the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.harlemvalley.org/hudson/images/ Harlem Valley.org - Lots of great postcards & information]<br />
*[http://www.historic51.org/ Historic 51 - A great site dedicated to the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/hudsonriver/ Hudson River State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/ Hudson River State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
[[Category:New York]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Hartford_Retreat&diff=29911Hartford Retreat2015-04-16T16:07:00Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Hartford Retreat<br />
| image = Iol.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Hartford Retreat<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1823 <br />
| construction_began =<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = Hartford, CT<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Connecticut Retreat for the Insane<br />
*The Institute of Living <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
From the time it opened for patients in 1824 to about 1843, the Hartford Retreat was a small, semi-public institution that focused on using a moral curative approach. This included creating a tranquil, kind environment to pacify patients and allow a respite from the hectic pace of the era’s social, political, and economic changes. Caregivers perceived that through conversation, exercise, relaxation, and above all kindness, patients could be soothed into becoming productive members of society once more.<br />
<br />
This approach was a precursor to modern psychotherapy and recognized the potential for psychogenetic mental illness. In other words, shifts in medical thought allowed that mental disorders might well be psychological, and not merely physical, in origin. Under superintendants Todd and Amariah Brigham, MD, the Hartford Retreat strove to become a curative, rather than custodial, institution.<br />
<br />
In its first 10 years, the Retreat boasted the highest cure rate in the nation and, possibly, the world. Such claims, however, were largely due to the fact that the definition of cured at the time meant a patient had progressed enough to be reintroduced into society; it did not necessarily indicate that a patient’s symptoms had ceased.<br />
<br />
By 1843, when superintendant John S. Butler, MD, took control, the Hartford Retreat had already begun to change. Though the emphasis on moral treatment remained in place, the makeup of the patient population had shifted as the number of indigent insane in the state swelled due to the financial panic of 1837.<br />
<br />
The number of individuals in Connecticut counted as insane tallied over 700 in 1838, and an increasing number of them were without adequate family care. Though efforts had been made to create a state-wide asylum for the insane poor, the political will was lacking until after the Civil War. In the short term, the Hartford Retreat, the only institution of its kind in the state, was expanded and began a much closer relationship with the state as it began to take state-subsidized insane poor as patients.<br />
<br />
As the number of subsidized patients grew throughout the 1840s and ‘50s, the character of the Retreat changed, and so, too, did its financial state. The small, upper-class retreat with 50 beds that Eli Todd had known in the 1820s had become a sprawling institution by the time of the Civil War, and its curative focus had been replaced by a more custodial nature, as it housed an increasing number of chronically ill impoverished patients.<br />
<br />
Butler spent much of his 30 year tenure at the Hartford Retreat trying to keep the facilities in line with Todd’s vision of kind care and tranquil surroundings, despite the institution’s ever worsening financial situation. Through charitable donations and some state aid, Butler was able to institute some recommended changes from Dorothea Dix, the noted mental healthcare reformer who had toured the facility in 1858. The improvements included more wings to ease overcrowding, a boiler to replace dangerous fireplaces throughout the facility, and gas lighting to brighten the halls. In 1860, the Hartford Retreat also hired Hartford native and renowned landscape architect, Frederick Law Olmsted to re-envision the hospital’s grounds. <br />
<br />
The most important change for the Hartford Retreat came in 1868 when the Connecticut Hospital for the Insane opened in Middletown and took in the state’s chronically ill and impoverished insane. Relieved of being the sole institution able to assist this population, the Retreat quickly reverted back to an upper-class, resort-like facility. In the 20th century, the Hartford Retreat incorporated into Hartford Hospital as the Institute of Living and took on a more research-oriented and educational role in the now more advanced mental healthcare field. <br />
<br />
Founded in 1822, The Institute of Living was one of the first mental health centers in the United States, and the first hospital of any kind on Connecticut. Located on 35 acres landscaped by Fredrick Law Olmstead, The Institute of Living lies near the center of Hartford, Connecticut.<ref>[http://connecticuthistory.org/hartford-retreat-for-the-insane-advanced-improved-standards-of-care/#sthash.VZFVYegS.dpuf Connecticut History.org]</ref><br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Hartford Retreat Image Gallery|Hartford Retreat]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:IOLMap.jpg<br />
File:HARTFORD CT 1876.jpg<br />
File:Retreat for Insane Hartford Ct.jpg<br />
File:reatreatCtplot.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
<br />
1822 - The Story of the Institute of Living, The Neuro-Psychiatric Institute of the Hartford Retreat <br />
<br />
The Institute Of Living - The Hartford Retreat, Braceland, Francis J. <br />
<br />
Mad Yankees - The Hartford Retreat For The Insane And Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry, Goodheart, Lawrence B.<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.instituteofliving.org/ The Institute of Living]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
[[Category:Connecticut]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Kalamazoo_State_Hospital&diff=29910Kalamazoo State Hospital2015-04-16T16:02:14Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Kalamazoo State Hospital<br />
| image = 10-18-2007-09a.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1854<br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened = 1859<br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (Demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = Kalamazoo, MI<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Western Michigan Asylum<br />
*Michigan Asylum for the Insane<br />
*Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital<br />
*Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The choice of Kalamazoo as the location for the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo was helped by the fact that the governor was Epaphroditus Ransom, who once resided in Kalamazoo. Although the asylum was originally planned for a site in what is now the Stuart neighborhood, it was decided that this location was too close to downtown. So planners instead chose to place the hospital far out in the country, where they would never be bothered by these people. That location was on what is now Oakland Drive, where the hospital is still located.<br />
<br />
The asylum was on the cutting edge of many forms of treatment. Through its close proximity to town, it was able to establish an innovative outpatient clinic in 1916 as well as a unique "family-care" program that placed patients in certified homes. The hospital also made use of colony farms, adjunct properties on which patients with milder illnesses — and those who today might be considered developmentally delayed — lived in familial farm settings. (One of these was near Kalamazoo's Asylum Lake.) They often raised livestock and produce for use at the hospital. The farms are examples of the limited treatment options for the mentally ill that were available before the 1950s. Electroshock therapy, insulin-induced comas and some barbiturate drugs resulted in limited reversals in thoughts and behavior of patients, he said.<br />
<br />
Narcoleptic or anti psychotic drugs, such as Thorazine, that would revolutionize psychiatric treatment and the role of psychiatric hospitals in society. Patients who had been in the hospital for decades were suddenly responsive, able to care for themselves, and moving back to live with their families. By 1987, the number of patients had dropped to 550.By 1959 the State Hospital had a patient load of 3,500 and 900 staff that included doctors, nurses, attendants and service personnel. It became almost a city in its own right with a power plant, water system, bakery, laundry, library, canteen, garage, cannery, general kitchen and greenhouse. For many years the hospital was one of the largest employers in Kalamazoo.<br />
<br />
[[image:Kzoo7.png|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
Increased budget cuts by the state and improved treatment methods and medication for patients led to an inevitable decline in patient population. The hospital began to shrink, dropping steadily from a high of 3,500 patients in 1954-1955. Then in 1973, new treatment measures, such as rapid screening and intensive treatment, and early release into the community for other local agencies to take over, shrank the patient population even more. In 1980, the facility started laying off 88 employees and releasing 160 patients in response to the bare bones budget provided by the state. Finally, in 2000, then-Governor John Engler's administration decimated the state-run psychiatric hospitals in favor of community-based care at private agencies and hospitals.<br />
<br />
Just a ghost of its former self, the Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital now has turned over most of its holdings on Oakland Drive to Western Michigan University, which has developed it as a health care corridor and research facilities, as well as the home of its current School of Nursing. Today (2008) there are only 2 original buildings still standing on the campus. The water tower was constructed in 1895 and quickly became a local landmark. It played prominently in the history of the city. The other is the "gate cottage" situated near Oakland Drive at the entrance to the hospital grounds. The gatehouse is "carpenter gothic" in style, featuring board and batten siding, a steep roof and "gingerbread" ornamentation. The house has been furnished with Victorian furniture and serves as a museum. When first built, it was used as the porter's residence and later housed a dozen women patients for a time.<br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
1854 — Construction of the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo begins.<br />
<br />
1859 — The Michigan Asylum formally opens on Aug. 29.<br />
<br />
1888 — The Colony Farm System for the mentally ill is established, with Brook Farm on Douglas Avenue the first farm colony in America.<br />
<br />
1910 — Mechanical restraints are abolished, and occupational therapy is recognized as a treatment program.<br />
<br />
1911 — The name is changed to Kalamazoo State Hospital.<br />
<br />
1916 — An outpatient clinic is established at Vine Street School.<br />
<br />
1931 — Public Act 281 of 1929 directs the sterilization of patients as a measure for preventing mental illness. Sterilizations are performed that year.<br />
<br />
1939 — The Male Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1958 — Farming operations are discontinued, and patients are transferred to the main hospital buildings.<br />
<br />
1960 — The number of patients begins a rapid decline because of the introduction of narcoleptic drugs and the move toward community care and treatment.<br />
<br />
1969 — The Female Department Kirkbride is demolished<br />
<br />
1974 — Michigan Mental Health Code is enacted.<br />
<br />
1976 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
1995 — Name of hospital is changed to Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
<br />
2007 — All but about 100 acres of the nearly 1,500 acres of land once owned by the hospital's main campus and Brook Colony Farm are transferred to Western Michigan University<br />
<br />
== Images of Kalamazoo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Kalamazoo State Hospital Image Gallery|Kalamazoo State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:Kzoo18.JPG<br />
file:Ksh1.jpg<br />
file:Kalplan.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
"Asylum for the Insane: A History of the Kalamazoo State Hospital" William A Decker<br />
"The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States" Carla Yanni<br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
Kalamazoo Historic Preservation coordinator Sharon Ferraro reveals the secrets of this historic landmark and talks about its future. This program is part of the "This Old Building" series. www.kpl.gov<br />
<videoflash>jSjT9WOmGH8</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/kalamazoo/ Info @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
*[http://kalamazoostatehospital.posthaven.com/ The Michigan Asylum for the Insane, A Photographic Reconstruction of the Kalamazoo State Hospital]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Michigan]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Kankakee_State_Hospital&diff=29909Kankakee State Hospital2015-04-16T15:55:33Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Links & Additional Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Kankakee State Hospital<br />
| image = Kankakee.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1878<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1879<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]<br><br />
[[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location = Kankakee, IL<br />
| architecture_style = Romanesque<br />
| peak_patient_population = <br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane<br />
*Kankakee Developmental Center<br />
*Kankakee Mental Health Center<br />
*Governor Samuel H. Shapiro Development Center<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The act for the establishment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements by way of donations, for the location of the new hospital but the site finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kankakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881.<br />
<br />
Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received in December 1879. the plan of the institution is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a general building three stories high capable of accommodating 300 to 400 patients and a number of detached buildings, technically termed cottages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recovery.<br />
<br />
The plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad.<br />
<br />
The seventy-five buildings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter section of land laid off in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives.<br />
<br />
The counties from which patients are received include:<br />
Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Douglas Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie, Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole number of patients in 1898 was 2,200 while the employees of all classes numbered 500.<br />
<br />
In 1975 the hospital became the center for care and treatment of the developmentally disabled and all other patients were moved elsewhere. The Kirkbride houses offices & a small number of elderly patients.<br />
<br />
===Note:===<br />
This hospital started out planned as a Kirkbride, but was changed to a cottage plan while it was still being planned and built. It has been argued that this hospital was the first cottage plan to be built. Yet, some of the buildings on the campus do have building/ground styles that can be attributed to the Kirkbride plan. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Kankakee State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Kankakee State Hospital Image Gallery|Kankakee State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
file:084a.jpg<br />
file:Kankakee01.png<br />
file:003a.jpg<br />
file:Kankakee6.png<br />
File:15689582850 368171585e_z.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
Located next to the Kankakee Community College, which used to be part of the hospital farm. The cemetery contains 1,500-2,000 graves of patients. <br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information ==<br />
[http://www3.gendisasters.com/illinois/10988/kankakee-il-insane-hospital-fire-jan-1885 An article on the 1885 fire]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Worcester_State_Hospital&diff=29908Worcester State Hospital2015-04-16T15:53:18Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| image = Worcester01.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Worcester State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = February 7, 1832<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened =<BR><br />
*January 12, 1833<BR><br />
*October 8, 1877<BR><br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style =<BR><br />
*[[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<BR><br />
*[[Utilitarian Cottage Plan Institutions|Utilitarian Cottage Plan]]<BR><br />
*[[Modern Planned Institutions|Modern Plan]]<BR><br />
| architect(s) =<BR><br />
*George Dutton Rand<BR><br />
*Ward P. Delano<BR><br />
| location = Worcester, MA<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Massachussets State Hospital<br />
*Worcester State Instane Asylum<br />
*State Lunatic Asylum at Worcester<br />
*Bloomingdale Insane Asylum<br />
*Worcester Insane Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Also once known as the Worcester Lunatic Asylum and the Bloomingdale Asylum, this psychiatric facility's history dates back to before the main building was built. On January 12, 1833, the old Worcester Insane Asylum opened, and was the first of its kind constructed in the state of Massachusetts. When overcrowding became a problem, a new hospital was to be built - a massive structure laid out in the Kirkbride plan, which is the one featured in these photographs.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1870 and the newly built Worcester State Hospital opened seven years later. Designed by architect Ward P. Delano of the firm Fuller & Delano of Worcester, the flagstone and brick building stood four stories tall, and between the 500 foot wings stood a beautiful clock tower, looming above the central administration building. On an interesting note, Sigmund Freud visited the hospital in 1909 during his only trip to America.<br />
<br />
A massive fire engulfed the Kirkbride building on July 22, 1991, destroying almost all of the roof and floors, save for the right most wing and the administration building. The burned out shells of the other areas were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the remaining sections. A new hospital building was built behind the remains of the Kirkbride building and is still in operation as of 2008. Source<br />
<br />
In the spring of 2008 the remaining wing segments of the Kirkbride building were demolished, along with the one of the historic rotundas and employee residences. The demolition is to make room for a new state psychiatric hospital. The clocktower / administration building will be spared, as well as the rotunda known as Hooper Hall. Though these last segments of the Kirkbride are not being demolished, there are no funds or plans to restore or even stabilize them.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Early History==<br />
On the 23d of February, 1829, Horace Mann, of Dedham, in behalf of a committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to consider the subject of the presence of considerable numbers of insane persons in the community who were either cared for in their own homes or in jails and almshouses, reported orders for the appointment of a committee "to examine and ascertain the practicability and expediency of erecting or procuring, at the expense of the commonwealth, an asylum for the safekeeping of lunatics and persons furiously mad," and requiring the selectmen of the several towns to ascertain and make returns to the Secretary of the commonwealth of the " number, age, sex and color of all persons reputed to be lunatics and furiously mad belonging to their respective towns, and whether at large or in confinement, and where and how long confined"—which orders were subsequently adopted by the House, and Messrs. Mann, Loud, of Dorchester, and Denny, of Leicester, were appointed to constitute said committee.<br />
<br />
[[image:Bloomington.png|280px|left]]On the 7th of January, 1830, the Secretary communicated to the House of Representatives the returns which had been received in his office, in pursuance of the order above stated, which returns were referred to Messrs. Mann, of Dedham, Loud, of Dorchester, Strong, of Pittsfield, Oliver, of Boston, and Frothingham, of Newburyport. This committee reported, through Mr. Mann, a recommendation for the erection of a lunatic hospital, suitable for the accommodation of a superintendent, with wings sufficient for the reception of 120 inmates. For the accomplishment of this work the sum of $30,000 was asked. In accordance with this report the Legislature passed a resolve on February 7, 1832, authorizing the Governor to purchase a lot of land within the commonwealth suitable for a lunatic hospital, and to appoint a board of three commissioners for the erection on this site of a hospital for the accommodation of a superintendent and 120 insane persons. This resolve having passed the Legislature, received the approval of the Governor on the 10th of March, 1830. Under the power therein conferred the town of Worcester, "after diligent inquiry, and a faithful comparison of various proposed situations, was selected by the Governor and Council for the location of the hospital, and a plot of 12 acres of land purchased at the cost to that town of $2500." "Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., and William B. Calhoun were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the hospital thereon." On the 5th of July, 1832, the Governor and Council appointed Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., William B. Calhoun, Francis C. Gray and Alfred D. Foster as a Board of Trustees for the management of the institution, with power to appoint all other necessary officers. On January 12, 1833, Governor Levi Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester to be legally open for the reception of patients. The first patient was received into the hospital on the 19th day of January, 1833.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in pursuance of the authority given, the trustees appointed as first superintendent of the new institution Samuel B. Woodward, M. D., of Wethersfield, Conn. Dr. Samuel Bayard Woodward was the son of a physician and a native of Connecticut, born on June 10, 1787, and licensed to practice medicine at the age of 21. His attention was called to this special department of the profession by the occurrence of several cases of insanity in his own practice and in that of his professional brethren whose adviser he was. The difficulty of managing these cases in their private practice led Dr. Woodward and his particular friend, Dr. Eli Todd, to take the first step towards the establishment of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and he took credit to himself in having secured for it its present delightful location. He was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in September, 1832; went to Worcester in December following, and moved into the hospital as soon as rooms could be finished and furnished for the reception of his family. He retired on June 30, 1846, on account of failing health, and moved to Northampton, Mass., where he died quite suddenly on the evening of January 3, 1850.<br />
<br />
That the hospital filled a public need was shown by the rapid influx of patients. In their report of December 31, 1833, the trustees stated that the hospital was then in a very crowded condition and that many applications for admission had been necessarily rejected because of lack of accommodations. Immediate measures were taken to increase the capacity of the institution and on April 7, 1835, the sum of $25,000 was appropriated for the enlargement of the hospital. Later in the session an appropriation of $3000 was made for the erection of a chapel and $7000 for the purchase of additional land for the use of the hospital. This increase in capacity was soon followed by others and at the time of the retirement of Dr. Woodward the patients in the hospital numbered 360—three times the amount of the accommodation furnished at the erection of the original building.<br />
<br />
In their choice of Dr. Samuel B. Woodward as their first superintendent the trustees were singularly fortunate. Under his wise and humane administration the treatment of the insane in this hospital, one of the early state institutions in this country, was placed at once upon a high level.<br />
<br />
Following the resignation of Dr. Woodward, Dr. George Chandler was appointed superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital on July 1, 1846. Dr. Chandler began practice in Worcester in 1831 and a few years later was appointed assistant physician at the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. From 1842 to 1845 he was superintendent of the insane hospital at Concord, N. H. With this experience Dr. Chandler came well equipped for his work. His administration of affairs was successful. He was a good manager and in many ways improved the institution's equipment. He lighted the hospital with gas, introduced steam heating and greatly improved the ventilation. He did considerable in the way of educational instruction of the patients. He increased the capacity of the institution to keep pace with the ever-increasing numbers of the insane. As early as 1847 Dr. Chandler called attention in his reports to the increasing numbers of foreign born among the insane, showing the influence of immigration in the filling of our hospitals.<br />
<br />
When the institution was first established its location was considered sufficiently removed from the residence center of the town to be unobjectionable. With the growth of the community the town steadily encroached upon the hospital and there began to be a feeling in the minds of many that another site should be found, to which the institution should be later transferred. Dr. Chandler suggested that it would be wise to consider a relocation at a more remote point.<br />
<br />
Dr. Chandler resigned his superintendency April 1, 1856. After his retirement to private life he spent his time in travel and in biographical work. He died May 17, 1893, at the age of 97 years.<br />
<br />
Succeeding Dr. Chandler, Dr. Merrick Bemis was promoted from the office of assistant physician, which he had acceptably filled, to that of superintendent. Under Dr. Bemis the good traditions of the hospital were preserved. He proved an efficient and capable man. He, like his predecessors, constantly enlarged the institution in response to the public need. He placed great stress on occupation in the treatment of mental disease and lessened restraint and seclusion. He employed the first female physician. The removal of the institution from its original location was again actively agitated, and in 1869 Dr. Bemis, under the direction of the trustees, bonded land in the outskirts of the town, on a site overlooking Lake Quinsigamond. The Legislature approving, the land was purchased the next year. The plan of the new institution, as formulated by Dr. Bemis, was ambitious and ideal. He advocated a central hospital plant for the actively disturbed, giving accommodation to perhaps onethird of the cases. The remaining two-thirds, the quiet and the convalescent, he proposed to care for in groups of 15 to 20, located in separate cottages. This would provide a family care approaching the more natural life in the community.<br />
<br />
After a service of 24 years as assistant physician and afterwards as superintendent, Dr. Bemis resigned from the public service and established a small private hospital in Worcester. He also conducted a private practice in the community. He lived to a ripe old age, dying October 3, 1904.<br />
<br />
The trustees elected as superintendent to succeed Dr. Bemis, Dr. Bernard D. Eastman, first assistant physician at the National Hospital, Washington, and formerly assistant physician at Concord, N. H. Upon Dr. Eastman, with the assistance of the architect, Mr. Rand, devolved the task of the preparation of plans for the erection of the proposed new hospital in the suburbs. These plans struck " a happy medium between the older fashioned system of aggregation and the theoretical system of segregation."<br />
<br />
[[image:Worcester2.jpg|280px|left]]In 1873, the plans for the new hospital buildings having been approved by the Governor and Council, the Legislature authorized the erection of the new institution, limiting the number of inmates for whom accommodation was to be provided to 400. As the number then in the parent institution was nearly 500, the pressure for a still further increase was very great. In view of this fact the plans were modified to provide accommodation for 500 and the work of construction entered upon. Building operations were actively prosecuted. The new hospital buildings received their first patients on October 8, 1877, but it was not until the 23d of the same month that the transfer was completed, 430 persons being removed. The old buildings were devoted to the purposes of the newly created Asylum for the Chronic Insane.<br />
<br />
On February 6, 1879, Dr. Eastman resigned from the superintendency of the hospital. He later went to Kansas and was long identified with the insane hospital at Topeka.<br />
<br />
Dr. John G. Park, formerly assistant physician at the hospital and later superintendent of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane, assumed the superintendency of the hospital on March 1, 1879. His administration perfected the organization of the service in the new hospital buildings and did much in the improvement of the grounds. He took a deep interest in the physical activities of his patients and recognized occupation as one of the best and most important of remedial measures. He introduced various industrial activities, as spinning, knitting, the use of the hand weaving loom and other forms of employment. He early advocated the establishment of a separate institution for the male criminal insane. The continued increase in numbers of patients necessitated the still further enlargement of the institution. Dr. Park erected the two circular observation wards, which have proven so well adapted for their purpose. During his administration the Hillside Farm, of 130 acres, in the town of Shrewsbury, was purchased to provide pasturage for the increasing herds.<br />
<br />
In September, 1890, Dr. Park resigned his position as superintendent. After his retirement from this institution he served as chairman of the commission which erected the buildings of the Medfield State Asylum. Later, with the occupancy of the buildings, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of that asylum, which office he held at the time of his death on August 9, 1905.<br />
<br />
Dr. Hosea M. Quinby assumed the superintendency of the hospital on November 25, 1890. Dr. Quinby was previously assistant physician at the hospital and superintendent of the Worcester Asylum from 1879 to 1890. During his administration a farm building was erected for the accommodation of working patients, two nurses' homes built, infirmary buildings and a bath house completed, the domestic departments added to and the capacity of the institution generally increased, the number of patients rising from 785 to 1401.<br />
<br />
One of the chief contributions of Dr. Quinby to the improvement of the care of the insane and the study of insanity was the employment of a special pathologist and clinician, who reorganized the record-taking and the general methods of examination and study of insanity. A training school for assistant physicians was organized, which was highly successful and attracted many capable men to the service of the institution. A laboratory building was erected to provide special facilities for scientific research in connection with the care and treatment of the insane. Dr. Quinby was also greatly interested in the development and beautifying of the grounds and conducted this work with much ability. April 1, 1912, he retired from the service to the enjoyment of private life.<br />
<br />
April 1, 1912, Dr. Ernest V. Scribner, formerly assistant physician at the hospital, and more lately for some years superintendent of the Worcester State Asylum, succeeded Dr. Quinby as superintendent of the hospital and is now in office.<br />
<br />
During the life of the institution 113 different persons figured as assistant physicians in its service. Some of these men have achieved renown in their chosen specialty. To enter in any way into their individual histories would exceed the proper limits of this brief account. Suffice it to say that nearly a score have risen to the management of institutions.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==20th Century History==<br />
New buildings continued to be constructed at the hospital through out the early parts of the 20th century. The large Kirkbride building reminded in use until a massive fire engulfed the building on July 22, 1991. The fire destroyed almost the entire building with exception of the right most wing and the administration building. The burned sections were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the still remaining sections. After the fire patients were moved to other buildings on the campus and the hospital continued to operate. In 2004 a proposal to build a new hospital was put into the works.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital</ref> In 2008, there were plans to film the movie ''Shutter Island'' on the grounds of the hospital, but because of the pending demolition and construction of the new hospital, filming was not approved and instead took place at [[Medfield State Hospital]]. In 2008 the remaining remaining wing of the Kirkbride was demolished to make room for the new hospital. No official plans have been confirmed to preserve the remaining administration section.<br />
<br />
<br />
==New Hospital==<br />
[[image:WSH NewHosp Thumb.jpg|280px|right]]<br />
In May 2009, Worcester saw the funds approved for the construction of a new Worcester State Hospital. Since May, a multitude of progress has been made on this $302 million project, and is estimated to be completed in March 2012. A new 320-bed psychiatric hospital serving individuals from all parts of the Commonwealth is now in construction. The innovative design will provide an environment of care that maximizes the effectiveness of clinical and rehabilitation staff, allowing the facility to operate at an optimum ratio of staff to patients. The building’s plan will reflect the stages of recovery: by using familiar environments, ranging from “house” to “neighborhood” to “downtown.” A secure facility, outdoor courts relate to each living unit, and the “downtown” surrounds a central “village green” shared by all. The low-rise scale will serve to emphasize the residential character, and minimize the stigma attached to psychiatric facilities. This new facility will enable DMH to close two antiquated facilities, parts of which date to the 19th century, thereby dramatically reducing future operating and capital expenses. With the significant advances in the field of psychiatric care, which are reducing the number of people who need long term care, this building may become the central psychiatric care facility for the entire state.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=afterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Property+Management+%26+Construction&L2=Design+%26+Construction+of+Public+Buildings&L3=Current+%26+Completed+Projects&L4=Human+Services+Projects&sid=Eoaf&b=terminalcontent&f=dcam_project_highlights_hs_dmh_hosp&csid=Eoaf</ref><ref>https://www.worcesterchamber.org/latest-progress-on-dmh-psychiatric-facility-worcester</ref><BR><br />
<BR><br />
*Designer: Ellenzweig Associates, Inc.<BR><br />
*Contractor: Gilbane Building Company<BR><br />
*Project Cost:$302 Million<BR><br />
*Gross Square Feet:428,000<BR><br />
*Est. Substantial Completion Date: March 2012<BR><br />
<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''The enduring asylum: Cycles of institutional reform at Worcester State Hospital'', by Joseph P Morrissey<br />
*''The State and the mentally ill: A history of Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830-1920'', by Gerald N Grob<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States'', by Carla Yanni<br />
<br />
== Images of Worcester State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Worcester State Hospital Image Gallery|Worcester State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Worcester.jpg<br />
File:Wsh fire 01.jpg<br />
File:Q 01.jpg<br />
File:Worcester State Hospital 2.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
Video rendering of the proposed new hospital building.<br />
<br />
<videoflash>IrDTUxPP-XU</videoflash><br />
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==News Reports & Articles==<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20escape.jpg Newport Daily News, The: Tuesday, September 23, 1952]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20murder.jpg Mansfield News Journal: Monday, October 12, 1936]<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/WSH%20Scalds.jpg Lime Springs Herald: Thursday, October 04, 1934]<br />
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<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Save-Worcester-State-Hospital-Clock-Tower/171086076276042 Save Worcester State Hospital (Facebook)]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/worcester/ Worcester State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/worcester_ma/ Worcester State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital Worcester State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HopsitalQ.htm Worcester State Hospital Aerials]<br />
*[http://www.dillonpic.com/gallery/thumbnails_72.html Worcester State Hospital Photos by Dillon Photography]<br />
*[http://www.opacity.us/site56_worcester_state_hospital.htm Worcester State Hospital Photos by Opacity]<br />
*[http://www.worcestermag.com/archives/2007/01-04-07/cover.html This Old Madhouse The fight to save a relic of a less-enlightened time]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/imo/sets/72157605024173560/ Good photos of the 2008 Demolition]<br />
*[http://www.worcestermass.com/places/asylum.shtml Some good pictures of the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=afterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Property+Management+%26+Construction&L2=Design+%26+Construction+of+Public+Buildings&L3=Current+%26+Completed+Projects&L4=Human+Services+Projects&sid=Eoaf&b=terminalcontent&f=dcam_project_highlights_hs_dmh_hosp&csid=Eoaf Info on the new hospital]<br />
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<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Willard_State_Hospital&diff=29907Willard State Hospital2015-04-16T15:48:55Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Willard State Hospital<br />
| image = Willard N 6.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Willard State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = April 8, 1865<br />
| construction_began = July 1866<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = October 1869<br />
| closed = 1995<br />
| demolished = 1980 (Main Building)<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = William H. Willcox<br />
| location = Willard, NY<br />
| architecture_style = Second Empire<br />
| peak_patient_population = 4,076 in 1955<br />
| alternate_names =</br><br />
*Willard Asylum for the Chronic Pauper Insane</br><br />
*Willard State Asylum<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1853, the site was acquired for the state's first agricultural college. The college - on 440 acres of farmland in the town of Ovid, "the geographical centre and Eden of the Empire State" - opened in December 1860, but it didn't last long. Within months, its president and most of the teachers and students marched off to fight in the Civil War, and the college never reopened. It was superseded by the new state university, established in Ithaca on land donated by state Senator Ezra Cornell.<br />
<br />
Soon afterward, the site was earmarked for the Willard Asylum for the Insane, which would represent a second and major step toward transferring responsibility for the care of the mentally ill to the state. From colonial times, the care of insane persons had been a local function. Each county operated a poorhouse, or almshouse, wherein was indiscriminately lodged a hodgepodge of dependant persons: the mad, the feebleminded, the aged and crippled, drunks, epileptics and beggars. The almshouses provided custody and shelter, but "treatment" was not in their vocabulary.<br />
<br />
The first step toward state assumption of responsibility was the opening of the Utica Lunatic Asylum in 1843. Utica was established as a treatment facility. It was reserved for new, acute eases and was required by law to return to county custody any patient who was not discharged as recovered within two years. Still condemned to the almshouse were the incurables, who, contrary to the unreal expectations of early asylum enthusiasts, were the norm among the pauper lunatic class. Dorothea Dix, among others including the underfunded county superintendents of the poor, drew the Legislature's attention to the unspeakable plight of the chronically ill.<br />
<br />
Finally, in 1864, the Legislature appointed Dr. Sylvester D. Willard to investigate conditions in almshouses, jails and other places where the insane were kept. His report of neglect, abuse and suffering led to the passage - six days before Lincoln's assassination - of a bill calling for a second state asylum, specifically designated for the care of the chronic insane. The asylum, located on the site of the abandoned Ovid Agricultural College, was named in memory of Dr. Willard, who died of typhoid fever just days before passage of the bill he authored.<br />
<br />
In 1866, construction began on a large asylum building (razed in the early 1980's). Like the Eastern and Great Meadow prisons, the asylum was built on the approved institutional design of the day: a three-story center structure for administration with long wings radiating from either side for patient housing, males in one wing and females in the other.<br />
<br />
On Oct. 13,1869, a steamboat docked at Ovid Landing and several men led a deformed, demented woman down the gangplank; Mary Rote, the asylum's first patient, had been chained for 10 years without a bed and without clothing in a cell in the Columbia County almshouse.<br />
<br />
Three more patients, males, arrived at the dock that day, all in irons, one "in what looked like a chicken crate, 3 1/2 feet square. Many of the early patients had been considered difficult and were "quieted" by regular flogging, dousing and "pulleying" (hanging by the thumbs) in the almshouses. Within days of their arrival at the new asylum, however, they were bathed, dressed, fed and, usually, resting quietly on the wards.<br />
<br />
Within a few months, admissions outstripped the building's 250-bed capacity, and the former college building, high on the hill overlooking the lake, was renovated as housing for higher-functioning patients. The Grandview, the oldest structure on the grounds, is still in use today. The Finger Lakes Federal Credit Union has offices in the Grandview, and DOCS uses it as a training building.<br />
<br />
By the end of the first year, with the census approaching 700, Willard began to construct "detached buildings" away from the main building. The detached buildings housed working patients and their attendants. Work on the Sunnycroft, a salmon colored, two-story structure, began in 1872. It was rehabilitated in 1962 at a cost of $900,000 and is today enclosed within the DTC fence. Sunnycroft has eight 50-bed dormitories as well as offices and activity rooms.<br />
<br />
Another detached structure from the 1870's, Edgemere, located outside the security fence, is now used by the DTC for training and staff functions of the type typically held in Quality of Work Life buildings.<br />
<br />
Willard was growing rapidly. By 1877, with more than 1,500 patients, it was the largest asylum in the United States. By 1890, when the name was changed to Willard State Hospital and its function enlarged to include acute as well as chronic patients, the census hit 2,000. Willard grew outward, gathering neighboring properties for farmland, and of course kept building, eventually topping 70 buildings large and small.<br />
<br />
Among later structures were the Birches (1934) and Hatch Building (1951); both, along with Sunnycroft, are inside the DTC security fence. The Birches (two magnificent birch trees frame the entryway) is used for parolee housing, classrooms, vocational shops and offices. Hatch is used for housing and is also the DTC administration building.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Downs/3548/facility/willard.html http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Downs/3548/facility/willard.html]</ref><br />
<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/Willard.pdf Click here for a more extensive history on the hospital from the New York State archives that was written back in 1978.]<br />
<br />
== Images of Willard State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Willard State Hospital Image Gallery|Willard State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 2.jpg<br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 3.jpg<br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 4.jpg<br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 5.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
In 1896 38 known Civil War Veterans buried there, as well as former inmates of the asylum. This Cemetery is inactive and maintained by the hamlet of Willard. The only graves with headstones are those of the Civil War veterans.<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''History of Willard Asylum for the Insane and the Willard State Hospital'', by Robert E Doran<br />
*''The Lives They Left Behind: Suitcases from a State Hospital Attic'', by Darby Penney, Peter Stastny, and Lisa Rinzler<br />
*''The Inmates Of Willard 1870 to 1900 / A Genealogy Resource'', by Linda S. Stuhler<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States'' by Carla Yanni<br />
<br />
==Links== <br />
*[http://www.suitcaseexhibit.org/indexhasflash.html The Willard Suitcase Exhibit Online]<br />
*[http://www.iimhl.com/IIMHLUpdates/20080130a.pdf Several .PDF documents about the hosptial]<br />
*[http://nysasylum.com/willard/index.htm Willard State Hospital @ NYasylum.com]<br />
*[http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0404,gonnerman,50565,1.html Patient belongings found in a ward attic]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/nanguz/sets/72157605076690163/ More historical photos here.]<br />
*http://inmatesofwillard.com/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:New York]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Willard_State_Hospital&diff=29906Willard State Hospital2015-04-16T15:47:49Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Willard State Hospital<br />
| image = Willard N 6.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Willard State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = April 8, 1865<br />
| construction_began = July 1866<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = October 1869<br />
| closed = 1995<br />
| demolished = 1980 (Main Building)<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = William H. Willcox<br />
| location = Willard, NY<br />
| architecture_style = Second Empire<br />
| peak_patient_population = 4,076 in 1955<br />
| alternate_names =</br><br />
*Willard Asylum for the Chronic Pauper Insane</br><br />
*Willard State Asylum<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1853, the site was acquired for the state's first agricultural college. The college - on 440 acres of farmland in the town of Ovid, "the geographical centre and Eden of the Empire State" - opened in December 1860, but it didn't last long. Within months, its president and most of the teachers and students marched off to fight in the Civil War, and the college never reopened. It was superseded by the new state university, established in Ithaca on land donated by state Senator Ezra Cornell.<br />
<br />
Soon afterward, the site was earmarked for the Willard Asylum for the Insane, which would represent a second and major step toward transferring responsibility for the care of the mentally ill to the state. From colonial times, the care of insane persons had been a local function. Each county operated a poorhouse, or almshouse, wherein was indiscriminately lodged a hodgepodge of dependant persons: the mad, the feebleminded, the aged and crippled, drunks, epileptics and beggars. The almshouses provided custody and shelter, but "treatment" was not in their vocabulary.<br />
<br />
The first step toward state assumption of responsibility was the opening of the Utica Lunatic Asylum in 1843. Utica was established as a treatment facility. It was reserved for new, acute eases and was required by law to return to county custody any patient who was not discharged as recovered within two years. Still condemned to the almshouse were the incurables, who, contrary to the unreal expectations of early asylum enthusiasts, were the norm among the pauper lunatic class. Dorothea Dix, among others including the underfunded county superintendents of the poor, drew the Legislature's attention to the unspeakable plight of the chronically ill.<br />
<br />
Finally, in 1864, the Legislature appointed Dr. Sylvester D. Willard to investigate conditions in almshouses, jails and other places where the insane were kept. His report of neglect, abuse and suffering led to the passage - six days before Lincoln's assassination - of a bill calling for a second state asylum, specifically designated for the care of the chronic insane. The asylum, located on the site of the abandoned Ovid Agricultural College, was named in memory of Dr. Willard, who died of typhoid fever just days before passage of the bill he authored.<br />
<br />
In 1866, construction began on a large asylum building (razed in the early 1980's). Like the Eastern and Great Meadow prisons, the asylum was built on the approved institutional design of the day: a three-story center structure for administration with long wings radiating from either side for patient housing, males in one wing and females in the other.<br />
<br />
On Oct. 13,1869, a steamboat docked at Ovid Landing and several men led a deformed, demented woman down the gangplank; Mary Rote, the asylum's first patient, had been chained for 10 years without a bed and without clothing in a cell in the Columbia County almshouse.<br />
<br />
Three more patients, males, arrived at the dock that day, all in irons, one "in what looked like a chicken crate, 3 1/2 feet square. Many of the early patients had been considered difficult and were "quieted" by regular flogging, dousing and "pulleying" (hanging by the thumbs) in the almshouses. Within days of their arrival at the new asylum, however, they were bathed, dressed, fed and, usually, resting quietly on the wards.<br />
<br />
Within a few months, admissions outstripped the building's 250-bed capacity, and the former college building, high on the hill overlooking the lake, was renovated as housing for higher-functioning patients. The Grandview, the oldest structure on the grounds, is still in use today. The Finger Lakes Federal Credit Union has offices in the Grandview, and DOCS uses it as a training building.<br />
<br />
By the end of the first year, with the census approaching 700, Willard began to construct "detached buildings" away from the main building. The detached buildings housed working patients and their attendants. Work on the Sunnycroft, a salmon colored, two-story structure, began in 1872. It was rehabilitated in 1962 at a cost of $900,000 and is today enclosed within the DTC fence. Sunnycroft has eight 50-bed dormitories as well as offices and activity rooms.<br />
<br />
Another detached structure from the 1870's, Edgemere, located outside the security fence, is now used by the DTC for training and staff functions of the type typically held in Quality of Work Life buildings.<br />
<br />
Willard was growing rapidly. By 1877, with more than 1,500 patients, it was the largest asylum in the United States. By 1890, when the name was changed to Willard State Hospital and its function enlarged to include acute as well as chronic patients, the census hit 2,000. Willard grew outward, gathering neighboring properties for farmland, and of course kept building, eventually topping 70 buildings large and small.<br />
<br />
Among later structures were the Birches (1934) and Hatch Building (1951); both, along with Sunnycroft, are inside the DTC security fence. The Birches (two magnificent birch trees frame the entryway) is used for parolee housing, classrooms, vocational shops and offices. Hatch is used for housing and is also the DTC administration building.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Downs/3548/facility/willard.html http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Downs/3548/facility/willard.html]</ref><br />
<br />
*[http://www.asylumprojects.org/Willard.pdf Click here for a more extensive history on the hospital from the New York State archives that was written back in 1978.]<br />
<br />
== Images of Willard State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Willard State Hospital Image Gallery|Willard State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 2.jpg<br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 3.jpg<br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 4.jpg<br />
File:Willard asylum newyork 5.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
In 1896 38 known Civil War Veterans buried there, as well as former inmates of the asylum. This Cemetery is inactive and maintained by the hamlet of Willard. The only graves with headstones are those of the Civil War veterans.<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''History of Willard Asylum for the Insane and the Willard State Hospital'', by Robert E Doran<br />
*''The Lives They Left Behind: Suitcases from a State Hospital Attic'', by Darby Penney, Peter Stastny, and Lisa Rinzler<br />
*''The Inmates Of Willard 1870 to 1900 / A Genealogy Resource'', by Linda S. Stuhler<br />
*''The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
==Links== <br />
*[http://www.suitcaseexhibit.org/indexhasflash.html The Willard Suitcase Exhibit Online]<br />
*[http://www.iimhl.com/IIMHLUpdates/20080130a.pdf Several .PDF documents about the hosptial]<br />
*[http://nysasylum.com/willard/index.htm Willard State Hospital @ NYasylum.com]<br />
*[http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0404,gonnerman,50565,1.html Patient belongings found in a ward attic]<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/nanguz/sets/72157605076690163/ More historical photos here.]<br />
*http://inmatesofwillard.com/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:New York]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=St_Elizabeths_Hospital&diff=29905St Elizabeths Hospital2015-04-16T15:38:41Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Links & Additional Information */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = St Elizabeths Hospital<br />
| image = St Elizabeth SH Kirkbride.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = St Elizabeths Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1852<br />
| construction_began = 1852<br />
| construction_ended = 1855<br />
| opened = 1855<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Thomas U. Walter; Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge<br />
| location = Washington, DC<br />
| architecture_style = Gothic Revival, Gothic<br />
| peak_patient_population = 7,000<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Government Hospital for the Insane<br />
*United States Government Hospital for the Insane <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[Image:St Elizabeth WestCampus.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The west campus]]<br />
In November of 1852 a tract of land overlooking the Anacostia River was purchased for $25,000 from Thomas Blagden. Construction began almost immediately on the center building, a red brick fortress designed in Gothic revival style by Thomas U. Walter, who also designed the dome of the Capital Building. The hospital was built following the [[Kirkbride Plan]], most of the construction of the center building was done by slaves.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/16/AR2007061601192_2.html</ref> It opened in 1855 as the Government Hospital for the Insane. The Hospital's early mission, as defined by its founder, the leading mental health reformer Dorothea Dix, was to provide the "most humane care and enlightened curative treatment of the insane of the Army, Navy, and District of Columbia." During the Civil War, wounded soldiers treated here were reluctant to admit that they were in an insane asylum, and said they were at St. Elizabeth's, the colonial name of the land where the Hospital is located. Congress officially changed the Hospital's name to St. Elizabeth's in 1916. By the 1940s, the Hospital complex covering an area of over 300 acres. At its peak, 4,000 people worked and 7,000 patients lived there.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/16/AR2007061601192_3.html</ref> It was the first and only federal mental facility with a national scope.<br />
The first appropriation towards building the Government Hospital for the Insane was of $100,000, and was made by Congress in 1852 for the purchase of land. The organic act creating the institution and outlining the duties of its officers and providing for the admission of various classes of insane patients was not approved until March 3, 1855. The hospital, however, had been opened for the reception of patients on January 15,1855.<br />
<br />
The creation of the hospital was due very largely to the activity of Dorothea L. Dix. She drew up with her own pen the outlines of the organic act establishing the institution, and virtually named its first superintendent , Dr. C. H. Nicholas. During the latter part of her life Miss Dix spent much of her time at the hospital, where quarters were always reserved for her, and the little desk upon which she drew up the original act creating the hospital stands in the board room in the main building.<br />
<br />
On the first of July, 1855, the President named a board of visitors, as follows: Benjamin F. Bohrer, M. D., president; William W. Corcoran, Jacob Gideon, Professor Grafton Tyler, M. D., Daniel Ratcliff, Professor Thomas Miller, M. D., William Whelan, M. D., U.S.N., Robert C. Wood, M. D., U.S.A., and Rev. P. D. Gurley, D. D. The make-up of the board has, in the main, followed the plan of the first board, namely, to name as members of the board on representative of each of the classes card for in the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, usually the acting or the retired surgeon-general of these several services, a lay physician, a lawyer, a clergyman, a layman, and in recent years two women.<br />
<br />
[[Image:St Elizabeth EastCampus.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The east campus]]<br />
<br />
The original main building was built from brick made on the place, and in architectural style is a modification of the Kirkbride plan, each wing receding for the center, in echelon. The building itself is in the collegiate Gothic style. This main building was several years in building and wings were added to it from time to time. Other construction, however, was undertaken in the meant time, and shortly after the opening of the hospital, during fiscal year 1855-6, a building was opened for the colored insane, which the superintendent state in his report he believed to be the "first and only special provision for the suitable care of the African when afflicted with insanity which has yet been made in any part of the world."<br />
<br />
While it was undoubtedly very largely in Miss Dix's mind that the Government Hospital for the Insane should be essentially a military institution, still the organic act provided also for the admission of patients from the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia in those years, however, was a rather small affair and so the number admitted to the hospital was not very great. The total number of patients admitted from all sources during the first year was only 63. During the Civil War, however, the hospital was conveniently located for utilization by the army and navy, and in 1861 on the its buildings, the West Lodge, was set aside for the wounded seamen of the Chesapeake and Potomac fleets, and a little later a couple of wards in the main building were prepared for the reception of sick and wounded soldiers. The following year the annual report shows that the General and Quarantine Naval Hospitals, with 70 beds, in charge of Surgeon N. Pinkney, of the Navy, and the General Army Hospital, with 250 beds, in charge of the medical officers of the Government Hospital for the Insane, "have been successful operation during all of the past year"; while in the following year it is again noted that the General Hospital, with 250 beds, known as the St. Elizabeth Hospital, and the separate General and Quarantine Naval Hospitals, with 60 beds in both, "all free tenants of the institution, under our supervision, are maintained in full activity and usefulness."<br />
<br />
Here is the first mention of the name of St. Elizabeth as applied to the hospital. It was taken from the name of the tract of land upon which the hospital stood, which has been known ever since the settlement of the country as the St. Elizabeth tract. The application of the name St. Elizabeth to the hospital was the result of the disinclination of many of the soldiers who were not insane to have the institution in which they were temporarily resident called the Government Hospital for the Insane. In January of 1863, at the request of the Surgeon-General of the army, certain rooms of the hospital were set aside for the convenience of one of the manufacturers of artificial legs, and soldiers who had lost a limb by amputation in any one of the district of neighboring hospitals might, if they wished, be transferred to the St. Elizabeth Hospital as soon as the stump was healed, to be fitted with an artificial leg. These were the men who, while resident in the hospital and getting their artificial limbs adjusted, did not wish to be considered patients in an institution for the insane, and so St. Elizabeth Hospital came to be a name applied to the institution. The St. Elizabeth referred to is the Hungarian saint about whom many legends of kindness to the sick and afflicted folks were written, and so the name came to be retained because of its singular appropriateness.<br />
<br />
Dr. Godding had been appointed upon the hospital staff some time 1863. He came from Fitchburg, Mass., and previous to hist connection with the Government Hospital for the Insane had been connected with the New Hampshire Hospital for the Insane at Concord. Later he had been superintendent of the Taunton State Hospital for a number of years and resigned the position to return to Washington.<br />
<br />
During Dr. Godding's incumbency of 22 years the institution grew rapidly. When he took charge of the hospital in 1877 he found only six buildings. During his superintendency he erected 22 buildings and various extensions and additions. The larger buildings erected were the Relief Building, the Home Building, Howard Hall for the criminal insane, the Toner Building and Infirmary, a large refectory, the Oaks Building for the epileptic insane, with its large kitchen, a power house with electrical installation, and the Allison Building. When he took charge there were 765 patients; when he died he left a population of 1967 patients. He found, in 1877, 227 employees. He left and organization of 540 employees, or a total of over 2500 patients and attendants. Besides the erection of these buildings he added over 500 acres to the hospital grounds and established a farm colony at Godding Croft. During this period of growth the appropriations for the support of the institution trebled, and at the time of his death he was annually disbursing of $500,000.<br />
<br />
The Government Hospital for the Insane was one of the early institutions in the country to recognize the value of scientific work and one of the first to appoint a pathologist. Dr. I. W. Blackburn, who had been associated with Professor Formad of Philadelphia, was appointed special pathologist in the fiscal year 1883-4. In after his work became well known, and at the time of his death-June 18, 1911-he established for himself a national reputation among workers in his field.<br />
<br />
The Government Hospital for the Insane was also one of the first to take up the systematic application of hydrotherapeutic measures to the treatment of the insane. The active man on the staff in this work was Dr. G. W. Foster, who had charge of the Toner infirmary. The report for 1895-6 shows that during the previous two years he had been actively engaged in using hydroterapeutic measures and had made special application of the form of treatment to general paresis. Subsequent reports made considerable mention of this treatment, describing both Dr. Foster's methods and his conclusions. During the first three years no special hydrotherapeutic apparatus was installed, the treatment consisting mostly of the application of the cold pack accompanied by cold to the head in the form of a wet towel or ice pack. During the fiscal year 1897-8 a complete hydrotherapeutic outfit was installed, the form of apparatus bearing that designed by Dr. S. Baruch, of New York City. Dr. Godding died in office on the 6th of May, 1899.<br />
<br />
During the interval Dr. Godding's death and the appointment of his successor, Dr. A.H. Whitmer became acting superintendent. During his short period of service the school of instruction in nursing, which had begun in 1894, was reorganized and extended, and arrangements were made to give a certificate after the completion of a two years' course, with promotion and increase in pay.<br />
<br />
Dr. Whitmer died January 18, 1900.<br />
<br />
On October 17, 1899, Dr. A.B. Richardson was appointed superintendent as Dr. Godding's successor. He came from Ohio, where he had much experience as administrator and had recently built the Massillon State Hospital.<br />
<br />
When Dr. Richardson took charge of the hospital his survey of the situation showed that the buildings were calculated to accommodate properly and care for a population not to exceed 1600 patients, while the population on June 30, 1900, was 2076, an excess of almost 500 beyond the capacity of the institution. The superintendent reported that in some of the male wards which were intended for 18 patients there were 43 and 44 patients, and in other wards from 16 to 18 beds were made on the floor each night along the corridors, while in the most disturbed female wards, with a normal capacity of 36 each, there were 58 to 60 patients. This condition of affairs was reported to Congress, which authorized an extension of the hospital for 1000 patients, and limited the total cost of said extension to $975,000. Arrangements were immediately made for securing plans and entering upon the work of extension. After the preliminaries were finally completed a contract was let for the construction of 12 buildings. The original contract for 12 buildings included two psychopathic reception buildings, on building each for disturbed men and women, an infirmary and six cottages. Five larger buildings were built to accommodate from 104 to 120 patients each, and the six cottages from 40 to 60 patients each. The twelfth building was the nurses' home. In addition to these buildings, a cold storage building and storehouse, a kitchen for the detached group of buildings, and a new stable were constructed, artesian wells bored for supplying the hospital with water, and a railroad switch constructed extending from the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad to the power house. During the following session, in 1902, Congress provided for an additional administration building, a kitchen building, and a central power, heat and lighting plant by an appropriation of $425,000, making a total appropriation for the hospital extension of $1,400,000, to which added afterwards a little of $100,000 for furnishing, etc., completing the sum of $1,500,000 expended for the accommodation of 1000 patients; for centralizing the power, heat and lighting, and for centralized administration, making a per capita cost per patient of somewhere between $1000 and $1500.<br />
<br />
In the midst of this work and before and of the buildings of the hospital extension had been completed and occupied, Dr. Richardson, who was apparently in good health, suffered a stroke of apoplexy and died suddenly on the 27th of June, 1903.<br />
<br />
He was succeeded by the present incumbent, Dr. William A. White, who took charge of the hospital on October 3, 1903. During the intervening three months between Dr. Richardson's death and the appointment of the new superintendent, Dr. Maurice J. Stack, first assistant physician, was in charge.<br />
<br />
On the first of October, 1903, there were 2293 patients in the hospital, and the 15 buildings of the hospital extension were under construction, but no one of them had been finished. The work of building this large addition to the institution, reclassifying the population, occupying new buildings, shifting the center of administration and getting the new power, heat and lighting plant in operation immediately devolved upon the incoming superintendent. The first of the new buildings was placed in commission and occupied on August 12, 1904, and from that time forth various buildings were gradually occupied. The officers were changed to the new administration building and the central power plant started in operation.<br />
<br />
During the last few years of Dr. Godding's life and during the short period of Dr. Richardson's superintendency the hospital had rapidly grown; when the large extension for 1000 beds had been completed and was ready for occupancy the problem of the reclassification of patients to meet the new possibilities of housing required to be solved, and it was suddenly borne in upon the management that the hospital had in some way suddenly expanded form an institution of medium size to a tremendous plant. Dr. Godding had been many years connected with the institution and knew all of its ramifications so that he had not felt keenly the need for newer administrative methods. Dr. Richardson was so completely occupied with the great problem of building that he had not time and energy to devote to a revision of administrative methods, and when therefore the new buildings were to be occupied it became apparent that the whole institution required to be placed upon new administrative basis, and that the psychological moment had arrived for undertaking this extensive work.<br />
<br />
With the occupation of the new buildings the population was redistributed and reclassified. Tubercular patients were segregated from the others, porches and sun parlors being built for their accommodation; epileptic patients were separately housed; and the problem of classification generally was carefully worked out as best it could be under all the circumstances. <br />
<br />
Decline began in the 1950s. Massive institutions came to be seen as a problem, not the solution and mental hospitals began to deinstitutionalize patients. The idea was that they could get personalized treatment in community-based facilities and that new psychiatric drugs would allow them near-normal lives. Many patients ended up homeless after leaving the hospital. In 1987, the federal government deeded St. Elizabeths to the District of Columbia to come up with an alternate use. But the District's mental health program was in receivership, and long-range planning was not a high priority. By 1996, the remaining 850 patients had to cope with medicine shortages, a lack of equipment and a heating system that failed so frequently patients went weeks without showers. Life at St. Elizabeths had regressed to a condition disturbingly similar to those that inspired the creation of the hospital in the first place. The last patients were moved from the west campus in 2002. All became quiet in the once-magnificent center building, the ghostly structure slowly succumbing to time and neglect. It was estimated to cost $50 million to $100 million to bring the buildings on the west campus back up to code. The District of Columbia tried several times to sell the hospital, but each time the deal fell through. With no answer in sight, the federal government took over the west campus again in 2004. The General Services Administration began nailing plywood over windows and shoring up roofs until a tenant could be found.<br />
<br />
Homeland Security made a pitch to Congress in 2006 for the west campus. They claimed that St. Elizabeths was the only site large enough to allow the agency to consolidate.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/16/AR2007061601192.html</ref> On March 20, 2007 it was announced that DHS would spend approximately $4.1 billion to move its headquarters and most of its Washington-based offices to a new 4,500,000-square-foot facility on the site, beginning with the United States Coast Guard in 2010. DHS, whose operations are scattered around dozens of buildings in the Washington, D.C. area, hopes to consolidate at least 60 of its facilities at St. Elizabeths and to save $64 million per year in rental costs. DHS also hopes to improve employee morale and unity by having a central location from which to operate. The plans to locate DHS to St. Elizabeths have been met with criticism, however. Historic preservationists argue that the move will destroy dozens of historic buildings located on the campus and that other alternatives should be considered. Community activists have also expressed concern that the planned high-security facility will not be interactive with the community, and will do little to revitalize the economically depressed area. A ceremonial groundbreaking for the DHS consolidated headquarters took place at St. Elizabeths on September 9, 2009. The event was attended by Sen. Joseph Lieberman, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano, DC Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, DC Mayor Adrian Fenty, and acting GSA Administrator Paul Prouty. In 2005, the Hospital celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding and honored members of the Armed Forces who became mentally ill while serving their country.<ref>[http://www.allfortheunion.com/ste/history.htm http://www.allfortheunion.com/ste/history.htm]</ref><br />
<br />
== West Campus ==<br />
The western campus of St. Elizabeth's contains many historical buildings, including the original 1850s Kirkbride style center building, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1990. There is also a Civil War cemetery where 300 Union and Confederate soldiers who died here are buried. The Hospital complex is located on a hill in southeast Washington, overlooking the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers. In 1987, the federal government transferred the hospital operations and the east hospital campus to the DC Department of Mental Health, while retaining ownership of the western campus.<br />
<br />
== East Campus ==<br />
The eastern campus contains many newer buildings, built during the 20th century. This include many smaller two story pavilion style buildings and other large 5+ story buildings. The east campus is still an active medical center, owned by the DC Department of Mental Health. Construction began in 2006 on a new 450,000 square foot, state-of-the-art facility to replace the 150-year old Hospital. The new hospital incorporates the best practices in modern, in patient mental health care with an environmentally sensitive design and sustainable strategies. The new building’s therapeutic design includes bright and airy living and treatment areas, green spaces off each patient unit, and enclosed courtyards. A 28,000 square-foot green roof is likely the largest on any psychiatric facility in the country. The new hospital was completed in November of 2009.<ref>[http://dmh.dc.gov/dmh/cwp/view,a,3,q,516064.asp]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of St Elizabeths Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[St Elizabeths Hospital Image Gallery|St Elizabeths Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:STE001.jpg<br />
File:STE002.jpg<br />
File:STE2.jpg<br />
File:SteFD.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Video==<br />
The following short documentary video was created by St. Elizabeths hospital that documents the institution's history.<br />
<br />
*[http://vimeo.com/27793520 http://vimeo.com/27793520]<br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
The West Campus Cemetery was originally established for "friendless patients" who were to be interred "without ceremony", according to Dr. Nichols in a letter to the Secretary of the Interior. Researched records indicate the cemetery has approximately 300 military graves (of which less than 200 are marked with a headstone) and approximately 160 civilian graves (none of which are marked with a headstone). White and African American soldiers from the Union army and soldiers of the Confederacy are interspersed throughout this cemetery. The graves are located on a hill near I-295 and overlook the Potomac River and Washington, DC. Eagles and deer have been sighted there as well as wild turkey.<br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information ==<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/saint-elizabeths/ St Elizabeths @ Kirkbride Buildings.com]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital St Elizabeths @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://dmh.dc.gov/dmh/cwp/view,a,3,q,516064.asp DC Department of Mental Health]<br />
*[http://www.allfortheunion.com/ste/history.htm A Detailed History of the Hospital]<br />
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/16/AR2007061601192.html A Washington Post Article on the Hospital]<br />
*[http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1812&ResourceType=District National Historic Landmark Entry]<br />
*[http://www.urbanatrophy.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=49 Photos of the Kirkbride Building (from 2007)]<br />
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/elizabeths.html Historic Medical Sites in the Washington, DC Area]<br />
*[http://www.stelizabethswestcampus.com/ A Website Dedicated to the Historic West Campus]<br />
*[http://dmh.dc.gov/dmh/cwp/view,a,1407,q,640055.asp Photos of the Construction of the new Hospital (2006-2009)]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Washington DC]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
[[Category:Government Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Trenton_State_Hospital&diff=29904Trenton State Hospital2015-04-16T15:30:13Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Trenton State Hospital<br />
| image = Trenton State Hospital NH002.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Trenton State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = March 25, 1845<br />
| construction_began = November 4, 1845<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = May 15, 1848<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = John Notman, Charles F. Anderson<br />
| location = <br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*New Jersey Lunatic Asylum at Trenton<br />
*New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
''The following is from a 1916 treatise entitled The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada.'' The necessity of erecting an asylum for the care and treatment of the insane was advocated by Dr. Lyndon A. Smith, of Newark, in an address read before the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1837, on the occasion of his taking the chair as president of the society. This was the first appeal for the state to assume its duty to this class of unfortunates. The interest of the medical men being aroused by this address, they made their influence felt in the various communities, which resulted in an appeal being made to the Legislature in 1839. A joint resolution was accordingly passed by the Legislature authorizing the Governor to appoint commissioners to ascertain as accurately as practicable the number, age, sex and condition of lunatics in the state; and if, on such investigation being made, a lunatic asylum should be thought the best remedy for their relief, then to ascertain the necessary cost of the establishment of such an institution, the locality for the same, etc. An appropriation of $500 was made to defray the expenses of the investigation. Governor Pennington appointed as commissioners Doctors Lyndon A. Smith, of Newark; Lewis Condict, of Norristown; A. F. Taylor, of New Brunswick; C. G. McChesney, of Trenton, and L. Q. C. Elmer, Esq., of Cumberland County. The fact that four out of five of the commissioners were medical men, one of whom was Dr. Lyndon A. Smith, who first advocated this public measure when president of the State Medical Society, indicates clearly that the Governor was strongly impressed with the idea that the medical men were the most earnest advocates of the movement.<br />
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The commissioners met at the office of Dr. Smith in Newark, and Dr. Condict was appointed chairman. They apportioned among themselves different duties and different portions of the state for investigation. They visited the various counties of the state and made careful personal investigation of all cases of insane persons and the manner in which they were cared for by their friends or in the county institutions.<br />
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They also enlisted the aid of intelligent and interested citizens in the different parts of New Jersey. Dr. Condict and Dr. Smith visited the McLean Asylum at Charlestown, MA, the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester and the General Hospital and the State Penitentiary at Boston, in order to obtain information in regard to the management of these institutions, the cost of maintaining them and the result of this method of custodial care and medical treatment of the insane. The commissioners presented a carefully prepared report to the Legislature of the session of 1840-41 showing the result of their investigation, and stated that there were in New Jersey at that time 338 persons who were actually insane, not counting any doubtful cases, and that many of them were suffering for the want of proper care and treatment.<br />
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The Governor in his message the following year recommended the subject to the attention of the Legislature and a joint committee was appointed, who reported in favor of an appropriation for the erection of an asylum, and, in order to enlist the sympathy of the Legislature and urge the necessity of this appropriation, reported some cases of suffering and cruelty which had come under their observation. The commissioners closed the report as follows:<br />
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Deeply impressed with the conviction that the time has arrived when New Jersey should act promptly upon this subject, and desirous that she should not be behind her sister states in their philanthropic exertions, your committee unanimously submit for the consideration of the Legislature the following resolutions:<br />
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*1st That the confinement of insane persons in jails with criminals is subversive of all distinction between calamity and guilt, and punishes the unfortunate which it is the duty of society to relieve.<br />
*2nd That as experience has shown that recent insanity, in most cases, is readiry cured, it is highly expedient that the state should provide a suitable institution for the comfort and relief of the insane poor, and to remove them from prisons and poorhouses.<br />
*3ed That an asylum be erected at the expense of the state, at some proper point, to be selected by commissioners, with the approbation of the Governor, upon such a plan as they shall deem best adapted for the purpose of such an institution.<br />
*4th That the committee be instructed to report a bill providing for the objects expressed in the above resolutions.<br />
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Notwithstanding this report and an urgent appeal of the committee for an appropriation, the Legislature adjourned without having taken any action upon the subject.<br />
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During the year 1844 Miss Dorothea Lynde Dix visited all the counties, jails and almshouses in New Jersey in order to ascertain how the insane were kept and cared for. She prepared a memorial for the Legislature, giving a detailed account of the observations she had made and facts collected, to which was added the tabular statement made by the commissioners of 1839. Miss Dix made an urgent appeal to the Legislature to act at once and make the necessary appropriation for the erection of a suitable building for the care and treatment of the insane. She cited a number of cases which came under her personal observation to emphasize the importance of the state assuming its duty to a class of unfortunates which it had up to this time neglected. One of these cases was that of a man who had been an upright and worthy citizen, and who, during his youth and middle age, had been honored by his fellow citizens. He had for many years been a member of the Legislature and his ability as a lawyer had raised him to the bench, where his decisions were marked by clearness and impartiality. This man, who acquired an honest competency for his old age, found it swept away through no fault of his own. In addition to his financial troubles he lost by death an only son, which was more than he could bear. His mind gave way and he became hopelessly insane.<br />
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As there was no place where he could be cared for, he was first confined in the county jail, but was afterwards removed to the county almshouse. When Miss Dix visited him he was a feeble old man lying on a small bed in a basement room destitute of necessary comforts. Miss Dix in her appeal said: "This feeble and depressed old man, a pauper, helpless, lonely, and yet conscious of surrounding circumstances, and not now wholly oblivious of the past—this feeble old man, who was he?" This was a most urgent appeal for the pauper jurist who was well known to many members of the legislature. This memorial was presented to the Legislature of New Jersey, January 23, 1845, by Joseph S. Dodd in the Senate, who was Miss Dix's supporter and himself an earnest advocate of the measure.<br />
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Mr. Dodd's resolution calling for a joint committee of both houses for further consideration of the subject was passed the day following. The first committee made their report February 25, and declared that it was unnecessary for them to occupy further time as they could only repeat what is better said in the memorial of Miss Dix, "which presents the whole subject in so lucid a manner as to supersede the necessity of any remarks from us." They then concluded their report with a fervent appeal to the Legislature to act at once in the matter. While the higher-minded members of both houses were genuine converts to the measure and anxious for its adoption, there were a larger number of small politicians secretly opposing it because they were afraid they might lose some votes on account of increased taxation. One of these fellows spoke of this plan as " An Egyptian Colosseum," and declared that a most popular act would be "to appropriate money sufficient to fill up the cellars and sow them over with grass seed, so that the spot may not be seen hereafter."<br />
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After this setback Miss Dix was up every morning before sunrise, writing letters and editorials. During the session she held frequent interviews with the members and in the evenings as often as possible she would argue a company of 15 or 20 whom were specially invited to her parlor. It was by such arguments with individual members that the measure was carried through. If Miss Dix had not remained on the ground and championed the cause it would have probably failed as it had at previous sessions of the legislature. The act of authorization was taken up March 14, 1845 and read for the last time. The proposition to postpone action till the next session of the legislature was voted down in the Senate and on March 25 the re-engrossed bill passed.<br />
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At the close of the session in 1845 the legislature made an appropriation of $10,000 to pay for ground and $25,000 toward the erection of a building. The following commissioners were appointed for selecting a suitable site: Daniel Haines, Thomas A Smith, John L. Condict, Joseph Saunders and Maurice Beesley. After visiting various localities in the state the commissioners determined on the site on which the building now stands. The location was on the bank of the Delaware River, almost two and a half miles northeast of the City Hall. The buildings are constructed of reddish sandstone, obtained from the quarries near the hospital, and are located on an elevation about 75 feet above the river. The commissioners had some difficulty in agreeing upon a site from the many that were offered in the various sections of the state and the selection of the one chosen was determined by a large spring of excellent water near the present building. This spring would provide a daily supply of about 500,000 gallons of pure water for many years. During the summer of 1845 Eli F. Cooley, Calvin Newell, and Samuel Rush were appointed building commissioners by Governor Stratton and were given the responsibility of constructing the new hospital building. They visited various institutions in other states and examined a number of plans. They finally decided upon the design by Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride who was superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane at Philadelphia.<br />
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Architect [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Notman John Notman] was selected to make some changes in the plans and oversee the erection of the building. The work was done by William Phillips and Joseph NVhitaker, builders of the old New Jersey State House. Construction of the new hospital commenced on November 4, 1845 but the work was delayed due to the lack of necessary appropriations. The hospital finally opened for the reception of patients on May 15, 1848. The main building which was the first erected following the plans of Dr. Thomas Kirkbride consisted of physician apartments, officer quarters, offices, a chapel, kitchens, and six wards for male, and six for female patients. Total accommodations for about 200 patients. The plan was such that additions could be made to the building for the accommodation of more patients when required.<br />
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The various appropriations of money up to the time the building was opened for the reception of patients amounted to $153,861.90, which included the original cost of the farm, the erection and furnishing of the building, grading and improving of grounds, stock for farm and all necessary expenditures.<br />
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An act to provide for the organization of the State Lunatic Asylum and for the care and maintenance of the insane was passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor February 28, 1847. This act provided for the appointment of ten managers, and invested the power of filling vacancies in the Supreme Court of the state. This board was authorized to elect a medical superintendent, a treasurer, steward and matron. The salaries of the officers were to be approved by the Governor and paid from the State Treasury. Patients were to be admitted to the asylum in due proportion from each county, by the court or any judge of the Common Pleas; it was made the duty of the overseers of the poor to make application to any judge, in case of an insane pauper, for authority to commit such pauper to the asylum; it was also made a duty of said judge to summon at least two respectable physicians and to investigate the case; and if the person examined was found to be a suitable patient for the asylum he was to be removed to and retained there at the expense of the county to which he belonged. No patient was to be admitted for a shorter period than six months. The managers were to receive no compensation, their traveling expenses only being allowed them. All purchases for the asylum were to be made for cash, and the managers were bound to make all needful rules to enforce this provision. At a meeting of the Board of Managers held in the spring of 1847 they appointed Dr. [[Horace A. Buttolph]] medical superintendent. He had for some years been an assistant of Dr. Brigham at the State Insane Asylum at Utica, N. Y., and had visited some of the institutions for the insane in England and other countries. They appointed Caleb Sager, a business man from Mount Holly, steward. Subsequent events proved that the managers made no mistakes in these appointments. Dr. Buttolph was a master of details, a great organizer, a good disciplinarian, well posted in his specialty and was highly respected by the medical profession, being an honorary member of the State Society. Mr. Sager was an exceptionally good business manager, as was evidenced by his being one of the organizers and the first president of the First National Bank of Trenton. Under the management of Dr. Buttolph the buildings were improved and enlarged from time to time and new ones were erected to meet the requirements of the increasing population according to the finances of the institution or the appropriations from the legislature. The grounds in front of the main building were laid out, graded and planted with trees, shrubbery, evergreens and flowering plants under the direction of A. J. Downing, a landscape gardener.<br />
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Two wings were added to the main building in 1855. New additions were estimated to afford easy accommodation for 250 additional patients and their attendants. The Randolph museum and reading room was erected the same year. This structure, built of brown stone in the octagon form, was 32 feet in diameter, surrounded by a wide portico and lighted from the top. The interior was in one room with octagon sides and ceiling, fitted with cases for containing curios and interesting objects, furnished with tables for books, pamphlets, papers, games, etc. Stewart F. Randolph, of New York, made the liberal donation of $3300 for the erection of the Randolph museum and he and his brother contributed more than $300 in money and engravings for the furnishing of the museum; other friends of the institution also contributed liberally. Morris, Tasker & Morris, of Philadelphia, gave a "self-regulating hot water furnace" for warming the museum and reading room, the listed price of which was $675.<br />
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An exercise room, 20 by 60 feet in extent, for the use of female patients and also a ten-pin alley for the men were built adjoining the airing courts of the convalescent patients. The exercise room was erected and furnished by the contributions of various benevolent individuals at a cost of more than $1700.<br />
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During the year 1856 the steam boilers used for heating the house and other purposes were removed from beneath the central building and placed in a newly erected steam boiler house, for which a special appropriation of $6000 had been made by the Legislature.<br />
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During the year 1858 a new building for a laundry was erected and supplied with improved fixtures and machinery. Several new billiard tables were purchased and those intended for the men were placed on the convalescent wards and the one for the women in the new exercise room. The medical superintendent stated "that he thought this game to be among the most useful for insane patients, by supplying healthful exercise to the body and limbs and thoroughly arousing and concentrating the attention of the mental faculties of many spectators, as well as those directly engaged in it." Also that year a system of forced ventilation similar to that in use at the Utica, Worcester, Northampton, and Taunton asylums was introduced. A large fan was set up in a room adjoining the boiler house which was run by a small Corliss engine so as to force fresh air through the warm air chambers and flues into every part of the building and foul air through the ventilating openings and flues outwards.<br />
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In 1863 an extension to the center of the main building was made and completed by a legislative appropriation. It was built of brown sandstone to correspond with the rest of the structure, 40 by 65 feet in extent and three stories high, with half octagon projection in front. A part of the lower story was used for store rooms and a part was added to the kitchen. The second story was devoted to offices and reception rooms. The upper story was converted into a chapel with a seating capacity for about 300 persons. It was furnished with a pipe organ, purchased by a bequest of a friend of the institution, Mrs. Elizabeth Dale Reade, of Philadelphia. In 1864 the bakery was greatly improved and enlarged and an apparatus for making aerated bread was installed. In 1866 two wings, one for men and the other for women, were added to the building. It was estimated that these additions would accommodate about 200 additional patients and their attendants. The appropriations for these buildings, with lighting, heating, drainage, plumbing and furnishing, amounted to about $135,000.<br />
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As the number of insane had greatly increased in the state and this institution was overcrowded, the Legislature of 1871 appointed a commission to select a suitable site and build a hospital in the northern part of the state. The present location near Morris Plains was chosen and work on the buildings commenced. Dr. Buttolph, who was a member of the commission, took a great interest in aiding the architect in preparing the plans for the building and seeing that all the specifications were carried out, and in order to do this had to spend considerable time at the institution. He was elected superintendent to open and organize the new institution and assumed the duties of his office April 1, 1876.<br />
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Dr. John W. Ward, who had been a member of the medical staff since May, 1867, and for the three preceding years first assistant physician, was appointed medical superintendent to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Dr. Buttolph. Dr. John Kirby was chosen as first assistant physician to fill the vacancy created by Dr. Ward's promotion and Dr. Charles P. Britton was chosen for the position of second assistant physician in place of Dr. Macdonald, who had been appointed to a similar position in the Morristown Asylum. In accordance with the law authorizing a division of the state to be made by the Board of Managers of the Trenton Asylum and the Commissioners of the Morristown Asylum, and to be sanctioned by the Governor, the division was made and approved July 26, 1876. This division assigned to the Morristown Asylum the counties of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, Union and Warren. Under this arrangement 292 patients—139 men and 153 women—were removed from the care of this institution during the month of August to the asylum at Morristown. After the removal of these patients on October 31, 1876 there remained 251 men and 221 women for a total number of 472 inmates.<br />
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The institution again became overcrowded and the Board of Managers asked the Legislature for an appropriation for the erection of a building to afford additional accommodation for the patients. In 1887 the Legislature passed an act appropriating $100,000 for this purpose. The plans were drawn by Charles F. Anderson, an architect of Trenton, assisted by Dr. Ward, who made suggestions in regard to the style and general arrangement of the building. It is a handsome structure of red sandstone, three stories in height and capable of accommodating 300 patients. This building was intended for the chronic or incurable class and was opened for the reception of patients in October, 1889.<br />
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The state asylums at Trenton and Morristown had their own Boards of Managers until the legislature passed an act, approved March 17, 1891, abolishing their boards and appointing a single board of seven members in their place to perform their duties. This board was organized at Trenton on Monday, March 19, 1891, with James N. Pidcock, of Hunterdon County, as president. The board at this meeting reappointed the medical superintendent and all of the assistant physicians. At a subsequent meeting Edmund White resigned his position as steward and William H. Earley, of Trenton, was appointed in his place. One of the first acts of this Board of Managers was to order the erection of a stone building, a part of which was to be used for cold storage and a part for the manufacture of artificial ice in sufficient amount to supply the hospital. This supplied a much-needed want and has up to the present time met all necessary requirements.<br />
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By an act of the legislature which was approved March 11, 1893, the title of "The State Asylum for the Insane at Morristown " was changed to the title of " The New Jersey State Hospital at Morris Plains," and the title of "The New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum " was changed to the title of " The New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton." The management was changed to correspond with that of Morris Plains. The administration was divided into a medical and a business department. The medical director was " to have charge, direction and control of all patients and of all persons engaged in the care of patients." The warden was to be " general manager of the buildings, grounds, farms and to make all purchases for the hospital and patients." Under this act John W. Ward, M. D., was appointed medical director, and William H. Earley warden.<br />
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In the month of November, 1893, two additions to the main building, each containing congregate dining rooms, were completed and opened for use at a cost of about $50,000. The additions are of stone and correspond in their general structure with the building of which they now form a part of. They are three stories high, 40 feet wide and 172 feet in length. There are three dining rooms for the men and three for the women, which are connected with the upper, middle and lower floors of the hospital by enclosed corridors. The better class of patients, including the convalescents, take their meals in the upper dining rooms, those more excited in the middle and the worst class in the lower dining rooms. By this arrangement neither of the three classes of patients comes into contact with any other at meal time and the greatest objection to congregate dining rooms is thus avoided. This plan has proved to be very satisfactory in this hospital.<br />
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During the year 1896 a modern laboratory building of pressed brick was erected and equipped for scientific work. Two additional green-houses were built, as the one in use up to this time were not large enough to meet the requirements of the hospital. In 1897 the Legislature created "two asylum districts" within this state, returning the management of each state hospital to a separate board as it had been up to the year 1891. In accordance with this act the Board of Managers of the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton was organized on June 20, 1897. G. D. W. Vroom, of Trenton, who for several years had been a member of the previous board, and who also had been a member of the board which had been abolished in 1891, was elected president and continued to serve in this position until the time of his death, which occurred March 4, 1914. Mr. Vroom took a great interest in everything connected with the hospital and for many years gave his valuable time and services gratuitously to what he considered a great public charity.<br />
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In 1897 extensive improvements and additions which had been in progress during the two previous years were completed and paid for from the accumulated earnings of the hospital. These improvements consisted of a residence for the medical director, a new water supply, including a standpipe with a capacity for over 500,000 gallons, macadamized roads, a complete system of drainage, the laying out and grading of the grounds in front of the annex and around the medical director's residence, and the planting of trees, plants and shrubbery on what is now considered the most attractive part of the grounds around the institution. The medical director's house was built of pressed vitrified brick. It is of good size and the rooms are finished in hard wood, large, airy and comfortable. The standpipe is large enough to supply the wants of the institution and is so connected with the different buildings as to be of great service in case of fire. The water, which is of excellent quality, is supplied from six artesian wells and pumped into the standpipe by hydraulic pumps. During the year the laundry was improved by changes in the building and machinery, at a cost of $6000.<br />
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An extension to the center of the main building was also completed and furnished. It was built of brown stone and corresponds in structure with the rest of the building of which it now forms a part. The first floor was used for a large store-room for all kinds of clothing for the hospital. The second floor was furnished for offices; one side of the wide hall was to be used by the warden for his private office and the other rooms for his assistants. On the other side of the hall there was a private office for the medical director, a room for the stenographers which more recently has also been fitted up with steel cases for the keeping of the records of cases and one for the medical library which was started at that time, but has been greatly improved by the addition of new standard works on medicine in recent years. The third floor was fitted up for a chapel. It was furnished with quartered-oak seats, handsome stained glass windows, was carpeted, and has a seating capacity for about 500 persons. The pipe organ which had been in the old chapel was taken apart, thoroughly renovated and was set up in the new chapel. The old chapel was repainted, furnished with a metal ceiling and turned into an amusement hall for entertainments, such as dances, stereopticon lectures, theatrical performances and concerts by the hospital orchestra.<br />
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The old amusement hall was thoroughly renovated, furnished with chairs; tables and new book cases were built around the room. It was converted into a library, to which the books which had been kept in book cases on the convalescent wards were transferred. Anne Robinson, who for many years had been an attendant and nurse in this hospital, died and left by will the savings of a lifetime, which amounted to $5000, the interest of which was to be used by the chief executive medical officer " for the purchase of books and for no other purpose, to be used for the pleasure and benefit of those to whom she had for so many years endeavored to minister." The Anne Robinson Library now contains over 4000 volumes, with a librarian in daily attendance. It is doubtful if any other hospital for the insane in this country has so large a library for the use of the patients and employees.<br />
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During the year 1900 the warden's residence was completed, furnished and occupied by the warden and his family. The house is a handsome brick structure situated near the main entrance from the road to the hospital grounds. A dormitory for the accommodation of women attendants and nurses was also completed, furnished and ready for occupancy. It is a handsome building of Stockton brown stone, three stories high and contains 60 sleeping rooms, with ample bath, toilet and wash rooms on each floor, and suitable reception and reading rooms. The building is conveniently situated between the main building and the annex. The cost of this building and furnishings was in excess of $22,000. In 1901 the wiring of the several buildings of the hospital for electricity and the erection of a suitable number of arc lights on the grounds were completed and electric lighting put in operation. This improvement involved an expenditure of $15,000. The Public Service Corporation furnishes the electric current by contract.<br />
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The first class of the training school for nurses was graduated June 2, 1904, when diplomas were conferred on 8 men and 14 women who had successfully passed their examinations in May. The course of training has been improved and widened in recent years by lessons in practical nursing and each nurse being obliged to have several months' experience in Mercer Hospital before graduation.<br />
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In 1905 by an act of the Legislature the sum of $12,500 was appropriated for the construction of fire escapes. Thirteen Kirker-Bender fire escapes were erected at the most suitable points of exit from the main building and annex. An appropriation of $250,000 was made for the erection of two additional wings at the "annex" which was intended to accommodate 400 more patients and their attendants. These additions were completed, furnished and opened for the reception of patients in February, 1907.<br />
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Dr. John W. Ward was an assistant physician at this institution from May, 1867, until he succeeded Dr. Buttolph as medical superintendent April 1, 1876. He continued in this position until 1893, when the title of the office was changed to that of medical director, in which capacity he served until July, 1907, when he retired to private life, after more than 40 years of continuous service. It is doubtful if any physician has ever been connected for so long a time with a state institution for the care of the insane in this country in an official capacity. Dr. Ward was a man of unusual ability, in his day a good executive officer, who had many friends among the public men and physicians of the state. He served as president of the State Society for the term 1887-1888.<br />
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William P. Hayes resigned the office of warden and was succeeded by Samuel T. Atchley, of Mercer County, September 1, 1907. On October 18 Henry A. Cotton, M. D., of the Hospital for the Insane, Danvers, Mass., was appointed medical director.<br />
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Dr. Cotton entered upon his duties as medical director in November, and at once proceeded to organize the medical department along the lines of progressive, up-to-date hospitals for the insane. He adopted the method of examination outlined by Dr. Adolf Meyer for the New York State hospitals. The records of cases, instead of being kept in the old style case books, are put in separate envelopes and filed in cabinets for reference. All the changes in the conditions of patients are noted by the physicians under whose care they may be, who make notes, which are typewritten along with the histories of the case of which they form a part and are available as records for the hospital. Staff meetings were instituted and held every day. At these meetings the members of the staff report anything that is unusual or sufficiently important in the part of the hospital in which they may be on duty. Each physician receives the cases when admitted in rotation and finds out all the history of each case possible and then makes a physical and mental examination, a synopsis of which he reads in the staff meeting. The case is then presented for observation, discussion and diagnosis. A stenographic report is kept as a permanent record of these discussions, which are really clinics of mental and nervous diseases. The staff meetings enable the medical director to keep himself well informed about what is occurring in the hospital as well as to supervise the work of his assistant physicians and to see and examine each new patient soon after admission to the hospital. It is a valuable school of instruction for new members of the staff, who at once realize its advantage. The patients themselves are usually anxious to appear before the whole staff and make known their real or imaginary troubles. They think their cases are receiving more consideration and that they will more likely get justice.<br />
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The change in the manner of receiving new cases and the new methods of medical work rendered the quota of physicians too small, so that it was necessary to increase the staff, and a woman physician was included among the number to care especially for a certain class of female patients. A consulting staff, composed of the prominent physicians and surgeons of Trenton, was appointed in order that the best medical and surgical advice might be had in special cases. One of the most important changes made by Dr. Cotton was the abolition of all forms of mechanical restraint. This was accomplished in a period of less than three months without any very great inconvenience and added much to the comfort of the excited class of patients. All restraint apparatus, including chairs, jackets, muffs, etc., was entirely removed from the wards and there has been no restraint employed in the hospital up to this time.<br />
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Dormitories for the reception of new patients were established in both the male and female departments. All new cases are received in these dormitories, where they are kept in bed for a time while they are under observation, or so long as their condition renders it necessary and they require special care and treatment. Sick or infirmary wards for old and feeble cases were established in the annex. The patients in these dormitories are kept in bed when necessary and are under the constant care of competent nurses, day and night, thereby avoiding accidents or any just cause for complaint. Patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis were isolated and placed in special dormitories as far as possible. A modern, up-to-date operating room was installed as well as a sterilizing room and bath room. The rooms have tiled walls and floors, with modern sanitary arrangements. An anaesthetizing room and a ward for post-operative cases are included in this department. The cost of fitting up these rooms for apparatus, instruments, tiling, plumbing, etc., was $2500.<br />
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Special attention was paid to the laboratory and the number of autopsies greatly increased over the years. In 1908 a number of changes were made in the fixtures and interior arrangement of the building in order to accommodate a greater number of workers and the installation of new testing apparatus. The installation of a telephone exchange with 82 local stations proved to be of inestimable benefit to the institution. A watchman's clock was installed, with stations on each ward, so that accurate information of night nurses and attendants could be obtained. The fire apparatus on the wards was overhauled and new fire mains and plugs were placed around the grounds and buildings in order to afford more ample fire protection. The old machinery in the bakery building was removed and new machinery and ovens installed at a cost of $5000. In 1909 continuous baths were installed. They consisted of four tubs in the female department and eight tubs each in the male department. Also this year the tuberculosis building for male patients was completed and occupied. There were also a number of changes made in the rooms and wards of the hospital. The wards were remodeled and painted and in many instances rooms were torn out and alcoves made, thereby allowing more air and sun-light to reach the wards.<br />
<br />
During the year 1910 many of the strong rooms were torn out and the space turned into sitting rooms. The $3000 appropriated for furniture for the wards was judiciously expended and they were made more homelike and comfortable. The Legislature appropriated $2000 to make day spaces or sitting rooms on several of the wards. Sixteen strong rooms were abolished on the women's side of the house and the space turned into sitting rooms. This included six rooms on Ward 9, on which were confined the worst class of women patients in the hospital. It was formerly thought necessary to have these patients sleeping in " strong rooms," with guarded windows and double doors, but since the rooms have been removed they have not been missed. The appropriation of $17,000 for renewing the plumbing in the annex was expended and the sanitary conditions of the building thereby greatly improved. The Legislature of 1910 made an appropriation of $3000 for remodeling the wards and this money was spent in tearing out rooms, making open spaces and more day spaces on the wards in order to admit more light and air. Owing to this appropriation the same improvements were made in the male department corresponding to those which had been made in the female department. A fireproof steel filing cabinet, for which money was appropriated, was installed for keeping records.<br />
<br />
Two thousand dollars appropriated for furniture for the wards was expended and used to advantage on the men's side of the hospital. During the hospital year terminating November 1, 1910, there were 100 state hospital autopsies, 20 autopsies in the general hospitals and 1545 bacteriological, histological and clinical examinations. These autopsies represent a ratio of almost 75 per cent of the total number of deaths within the year. The autopsies obtained in 1908 were 62 per cent and in 1909 73 per cent. Through the efforts of the medical director the Legislature in 1911 passed a voluntary commitment act. During the year 21 men and 6 women availed themselves of the opportunity to come voluntarily for treatment. Many of these patients were in the early stages of their mental trouble and at a period when they were more amenable to treatment, thereby increasing their chances for recovery. A regular course of lectures and special instruction in practical nursing was given to the members of the nurses' training school during the year. As a consequence there is a marked improvement in the nursing of the patients in the sick dormitories. At the annual commencement of the training school, held June 7, 1911, two men and nine women received diplomas.<br />
<br />
The Legislature of 1911 appropriated $3000 for remodeling the wards. The money was spent in tearing out rooms, making open spaces and more day spaces on the wards where very little light and air penetrated before. These improvements were made in the male department corresponding with those made in the female department a year previous. One thousand five hundred dollars was appropriated for completing the plumbing of the annex, and the hospital now throughout may be classed with the best in the country in regard to its sanitary, hygienic and bathing facilities. Two thousand dollars appropriated for furniture for the wards was expended for the men's side of the house. During the summer of 1911 a room was fitted up and furnished with all the necessary apparatus and equipment for a dental office. The tuberculosis building for female patients, for which $3000 was appropriated, was completed and occupied. It is able to accommodate from 25 to 30 patients if necessary.<br />
<br />
The hospital had on October 31, 1911, in its possession accurate and complete histories of nearly 1800 cases. There was issued during the year the first volume of collected papers written by members of the medical staff, consisting of 14 original articles. An out-patient department was established in 1911 in connection with the Mercer Hospital in the City of Trenton. The out-patient department is so organized that the medical director spends one morning a week at Mercer Hospital, to which indigent patients suffering from nervous and mental diseases can go for the necessary advice and consultation without any cost to the patients themselves.<br />
<br />
The Legislature of 1911 appropriated $2800 for field work and the hospital at present has two trained women engaged in this special work. These field workers go into the families and communities of patients admitted to this hospital and learn the facts regarding heredity, environment, domestic relations, and causes of mental diseases. They also carry with them a list of the names of the discharged patients when they visit a certain community and ascertain all the facts obtainable concerning these discharged patients, such as their mental and physical condition, their environment, and detailed accounts of their investigations are made in writing when they return to the hospital. These reports not only enable the medical director to keep in touch with discharged patients and know whether they recover or relapse, but the families, through the visitations of the field workers, are able to keep in communication with the hospital and obtain the necessary advice concerning their friends or relatives who have been discharged.<br />
<br />
The Legislature of 1911 appropriated money to purchase 254 acres of farm land in the vicinity of the hospital for the purpose of producing milk and raising vegetables for the needs of the institution. A large new laundry sufficient to meet the requirements of the institution has been completed and is in operation. The installation of modern machinery and the increase in the amount of room have greatly improved this important work of the institution.<br />
<br />
On October 31, 1912 the hospital had a total of 1451 patients— 742 men and 709 women. During the year 488 patients were admitted—282 men and 206 women. In addition to these two men who escaped were returned, and adding the 11 patients nominally admitted for discharge at the end of their four-months' visit, the number of admissions would be 501, making the total number under care 1952.<br />
<br />
During 1912 Dr. Turner, ophthalmologist, visited the hospital weekly and not only examined the eyes of all new patients, but thoroughly examined the eyes of many of the old patients with special reference to organic brain disease and dementia praecox. The care of the patients' teeth having proved so beneficial, it was decided by the managers of the hospital to employ a resident dentist who could devote all of his time to the work. In order to bring the physicians in closer touch with the hospital, the custom has been established of inviting the various county medical societies to hold one of their monthly meetings at the hospital during the year. The counties of Somerset, Middlesex, Burlington and Gloucester accepted the invitation and the attendance at these meetings was exceptionally good. Usually a whole day was devoted to their meetings. The hospital was inspected and cases having different forms of mental disease presented and symptoms explained.<br />
<br />
The micro-photographic apparatus, obtained by a special appropriation, was installed in temporary quarters and special work in colored micro-photography, the first undertaken in this country, was conducted. Five thousand dollars appropriated for screening the windows was expended, and the hospital equipped with permanent copper screens. Fifteen hundred dollars appropriated for new furniture was also expended. Five thousand dollars was appropriated during the year for the overhauling of the heating system in the main building.<br />
<br />
Special attention was paid to the occupation and amusement of patients. The attendants orchestra affords the patients much pleasure by furnishing daily concerts on the lawn during the summer season and in the chapel during the winter months. Many of the men patients among the chronic cases work on the farm or around the buildings. A welfare worker spends her time among the women patients, reading to the patients, playing games and taking them out for walks and does all she can to keep them from brooding over their mental troubles. A woman in charge of the choir drills the patients in chorus work and also arranges for amateur theatricals, in which the nurses and patients take part. A teacher of dancing from Trenton conducts two classes a week for the patients.<br />
<br />
On October 31, 1913, there were 1547 patients—781 men and 766 women. During the year 488 patients were admitted—280 men and 208 women—making the total number under care during the year 2035. There were 496 dismissed during the year—274 men and 222 women—leaving the total number of patients under care November 1, 1914, 1539—787 men and 752 women.<br />
<br />
A physician who is a psychologist was appointed in 1912 as a research worker, more especially to work up a complete history of alcoholic patients, of their constitutional make-up, heredity, and environment. Dr. Frederick S. Hammond, pathologist, was granted a leave of absence for a year in order to visit the psychiatric clinic at Munich. Dr. Edgar B. Funkhouser was granted a leave of absence for six months, which time he spent in psychiatric clinics of Munich, Vienna and Zurich.<br />
<br />
Owing to the number of requests made by the members of the medical profession in Trenton and the vicinity for a post-graduate course of nervous and mental diseases at the State Hospital, it was decided to give such a course during the month of July, 1912. A number of physicians in the vicinity responded to the invitation and the clinics were well attended. The course was intended to give a practical outline of the fundamental principles of nervous and mental diseases, both from a clinical and pathological standpoint. The course was given without charge to the physicians and the members of the staff who gave the lectures felt amply repaid by the attendance and the interest manifested.<br />
<br />
The annual commencement of the training school was held on the third Friday in June. Dr. William L. Russell, superintendent of the Bloomingdale Hospital, White Plains, N. Y., delivered the address and the president of the Board of Managers presented diplomas to eight women graduates. The majority of these nurses went to New York hospitals, where they continued their work as post graduate nurses. The scope of the training school for nurses has been enlarged and a three-years' course inaugurated, of which two years and a half will be spent in this hospital and each nurse will spend six months in Mercer Hospital in the City of Trenton before her graduation. Through this arrangement the graduates of the training school will be able to qualify as registered nurses.<br />
<br />
An appropriation of $10,000 received from the Legislature for a new laboratory was found to be too small to erect an entirely new building, and it was decided to add to the hospital laboratory a building 70 by 40 feet, which will afford ample accommodations for the increasing amount of work. An X-ray apparatus, for which $2000 was appropriated by the Legislature, has been purchased and installed. The Legislature made in appropriation of $50,000 for a central power plant, which is intended to meet the requirements of the whole institution. The Legislature appropriated $15,000 for the purpose of building two cow stables, a dairy house and three silos.<br />
<br />
For years the criminal insane of the State of New Jersey have been confined in the two state institutions, Morris Plains and Trenton, and for at least 25 years the authorities of these two institutions annually petitioned the Legislature for a separate institution to take care of the criminal and convict insane, but without result. The Board of Managers of Trenton finally decided to ask for an appropriation for a suitable building to be erected on the grounds of the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton which would be large enough to accommodate the criminal and convict insane from both state hospitals. This seemed to be the easiest solution of the problem and in 1913 the Legislature appropriated $150,000 for the construction of the center and one wing of a detention building for the criminal insane. Fifty thousand dollars of this was later diverted towards a central power plant and the money re-appropriated by the succeeding Legislature. One wing and the center building are now under construction and when this unit is completed the building can be occupied. The Legislature of 1915 appropriated $85,000 to complete the central power plant, which equipment was necessary to occupy the criminal insane building.<br />
<br />
In 1914 $60,000 was appropriated for a psychopathic building for the female department. The plans and specifications having been drawn, the construction will be begun this summer (1915). The building will be a modern fireproof structure. The first floor will contain the doctors' offices, reception rooms, occupation rooms, and hydrotherapeutic equipment. The second and third floors will consist of private rooms or dormitories and day rooms. The fourth floor will provide an operative department with a fully equipped room for post-operative cases. There will also be a roof garden in order to obtain the maximum fresh air treatment. The dormitories and day rooms will be connected by sliding doors to large porticos in order to give the patients the benefit of as much outdoor treatment as possible. A similar building is planned for the male department.<br />
<br />
The amount of money spent in remodeling the building, the new equipment, farm lands, dairy barns, etc., is about $850,000 in the last eight years. In order to completely modernize the hospital a new psychopathic building for the male department, a home for the male attendants and a congregate dining room for the annex are needed. About $250,000 will be required before the board will feel satisfied that the hospital is fulfilling its duty to the community in the care and treatment of the mentally afflicted.<br />
<br />
The managers have adopted a very progressive and enlightened policy regarding the institution and exhibit a personal interest in the advancement of the hospital work. For many years the president of the board was Garrett D. W. Vroom, of Trenton, who devoted considerable time to the management of the hospital and exhibited a progressive spirit and hearty cooperation in the attempts of the medical director and warden to improve conditions existing at the time of their appointment in 1907. His time was given willingly and his counsel and advice were an immense benefit to the hospital and those engaged in the duty of reorganization. Too much credit cannot be given to him individually for his influence in the board and his practical, modern policies in all matters connected with the institution. He lived to see the institution changed from an asylum to a modern hospital, but unfortunately he did not live to see all his plans carried out, and his death on March 4, 1914, was a tremendous loss to the institution and officers connected with it.<br />
<br />
Dr. Luther M. Halsey succeeded him as president of the Board of Managers, as he was the oldest member of the board and the only surviving member of those who were on the board when the reorganization took place in 1907, having become a member of the board in 1906. It was through the active interest of Dr. Halsey that a complete reorganization of the hospital was possible at that tune. He, with Judge Vroom, made a careful study of the situation and decided that only by adopting the newer methods and obtaining men familiar with such methods would they be able to carry out the plans of reorganization. Dr. Halsey has always taken a most active interest in the management of the hospital and has devoted a great deal of his time to his duties as manager, and it is to him that the largest part of the credit for the present situation is due.<br />
<br />
The present Board of Managers consists of five physicians and three business men. It is a harmonious and well-balanced board, who fully realize that the greatest function of the hospital is the care and treatment of the patients and that every other interest must be subservient to this one. The medical men on the board who have contributed much to the improved conditions and who manifest the greatest interest in the welfare of the hospital are Dr. Stewart Paton, of Princeton; Dr. Joseph Raycroft, physical director of Princeton University; Dr. George T. Tracey, of Beverly, N. J., and Dr. Alfred L. Ellis, of Metuchen, N. J. The other members of the board are men of wide business experience, who are intensely interested in the welfare of the hospital and include Arthur D. Forst, of Trenton, N. J.; William L. Black of Hammondtown, N. J., and Joseph L. Moore, of Hopewell, N. J.<br />
<br />
Aside from the monthly meetings, which are always well attended, hardly a week goes by that the hospital is not visited by members of the Medical Committee or of the House and Grounds Committee. The board not only maintains a close supervision over the best interests of the hospital, but the medical and scientific work also receives its closest attention, and fortunately politics have as yet had no influence in the selection of the managers or the work in the hospital.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=aPssAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
Over the years, new treatments such as hydrotherapy, occupational therapy, heavy metal therapy, insulin, and metazol became available. In 1940 ECT and in 1947 psycho-surgery became available. Trenton Psychiatric Hospital also continued to expand its training program from nursing to social work, occupational therapy, and psychiatric residency.<br />
<br />
The development of tranquilizing drugs in the mid-1950s brought about important changes in the hospital treatment programs. Under proper medication, many patients who had been hospitalized for years were able to return to the community, while others became more amenable to psychotherapy and other treatment methods. For the first time in 100 years, the doors of many wards were unlocked, giving patients a degree of freedom in keeping with their progress toward recovery.<br />
<br />
The remarkable success of the comprehensive program of services that has evolved is measured by a significant reduction in patient population. On June 1, 1954, 4,237 persons were hospitalized at Trenton Psychiatric Hospital. In 1968, 14 years later, there were under 2,800 patients in residence (this reduction occurring in the face of an ever-increasing admission rate), and today the hospital has a capacity of 376 beds. The various names given to the hospital over the years define its changing role. In 1848, it was the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum. In 1893, the name was changed to New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. In 1971, it received its current name, Trenton Psychiatric Hospital. Overcrowded, understaffed, and without public support, both moral and financial, Trenton Psychiatric Hospital was for years little more than a custodial institution. But as more modern treatment methods were devised and community supports and services for rehabilitated patients were put in place, the hospital became part of a therapeutic community.<br />
<br />
== Images of Trenton State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Trenton State Hospital Image Gallery|Trenton State Hospital]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Trenton3.png<br />
File:Trenton4.png<br />
File:Trenton5.png<br />
File:Trenton Aerial 2011 01.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine,'' By Andrew Scull<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://nj.gov/humanservices/dmhs/oshm/tph/ Official hospital website]<br />
*[http://www.forgottenphotography.com/trenton/index1.html Present Day Photos]<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
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[[Category:New Jersey]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Asylum Books]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&diff=29842Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital2015-03-26T15:56:55Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Links & Additional Information */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital<br />
| image = New1.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, as it would have appeared in the spring of 1860<br />
| established = 1835<br />
| construction_began = Female Dept: 1836 / Male Dept: 1856<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = January 1, 1841<br />
| closed = February 1997 <br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] and [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]] (Female bldg), [[Kirkbride Plan]] (Male Bldg)<br />
| architect(s) = Isaac Holden (female bldg) and Samuel Sloan (male bldg)<br />
| location = 111 North 49th St, Philadelphia, PA 19139<br />
| architecture_style = Late Georgian<br />
| peak_patient_population = about 500<br />
| alternate_names = <br />
*Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane <br />
*Department for Mental and Nervous Diseases at Pennsylvania Hospital<br />
*Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital<br />
*Institute for Mental Hygiene of the Pennsylvania Hospital<br />
}}<br />
[[image:IPH MaleBldg 01.jpg|300px|left|The Male Department as it originally appeared in 1854]]<br />
<br />
'''The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital''', formally Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, was a private psychiatric hospital operating in West Philadelphia from 1841 until its final closure in the fall of 1997. The building and part of the former campus is currently being leased to Blackwell Human Services and the [[Kirkbride Center]], and remains functional within the human services field; however, it is still owned by the University of Pennsylvania Health System. It was expanded in 1959 to accommodate a changing inpatient population, at which time half the original campus was lost, and the more modern "North Building" was constructed. However, because of changing perception of the practice of psychiatry, and insurance protocol, the facility was forced to close its doors permanently. In 2004, the NHPRC was issued a grant to organize, preserve and make publicly accessible the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital's archival collection. <br />
<br />
There is a tremendous amount of confusion about the [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] in Philadelphia, PA. This is because there were in fact two separate facilities bearing the name. The first, founded in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin was located on Eighth and Pine Streets, and was completed in 1755. This facility is still operational, albeit not for its original purpose. The original structure of Pennsylvnia Hospital is now largely is maintained because of its historic value to the city and state (the modern Pennsylvania Hospital sits behind this building). This original facility found itself overwhelmed by the number of 'lunatic' patients, and regularly had their insane wards overcapacity. The Board of Managers voted to build a second hospital, in what was then rural West Philadelphia, as was the style of such institutions at the time. This second hospital was known as the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, as to draw distinction from their primary facility. This was also the hospital that Dr. [[Thomas Story Kirkbride]] was Superintendent, who is regarded as one of the fathers of American Psychiatry. Both facilities were run under the same Board of Mangers during their tenure, but only one had a specific specialization in behavioral healthcare. <br />
<br />
== Campus History ==<br />
<br />
=== Overcrowding at Pennsylvania Hospital: 1817-1834 ===<br />
<br />
[[File:1800.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|[[Pennsylvania Hospital]] as it would have appeared in the 19th century]]<br />
<br />
From its inception, [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] admitted both the physically ill and the mentally ill to their historic South Philadelphia campus. Eighteenth and early nineteenth century medical practice was crude, and frequently counter-productive by modern day standards, but the treatment of the mentally ill was particularly harsh. Solitary confinement, bloodletting and involuntary restraints were the order of the day by most physicians. Over time, the proportion of the hospital’s patients who were severely mentally ill increased in size, until it began to become overcrowded, leaving little room for the physically ill. In response, the Board of Managers believed itself obligated to limit the admission of the mentally ill. The west wing of the hospital had been designed and set aside for the mentally ill, but by 1817 it was filled near to capacity and additional space had been set aside for mentally ill patients elsewhere in the facility. <br />
<br />
In a published report by the Board of Manager in 1817, the number are brought into focus. Two-thirds of the Hospital’s patients were the mentally ill and the Board of Managers had previously set aside two-thirds of the Hospital’s rooms for their care. The west wing was entirely committed to the care of the mentally ill, and sixteen of the thirty-nine rooms available in the east wing were also devoted to the mentally ill. Though the completed Hospital building was just twelve years old, the Board of Managers had already adopted a policy which limited the number of mentally ill patients for this very reason. There may have been calls for the expansion of the physical site from other administrators, but the Board was unwilling to consider the Hospital’s vacant land for the construction of yet another new buildings. The U.S. census returns for the first decades of the 19th century show increasing pressure: the number of resident staff and patients at the Hospital increased significantly in each decade. The 1820's, in particular, experienced an increase in the average number of resident patients, from less than 150 to more than 200 present at any one time. By 1830 the average daily number of mentally ill patients was somewhere around 115. The demand for the services of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] must have been near, if not beyond the Hospital’s ability to provide them. <br />
<br />
In 1829, [[Philadelphia Almshouse]] announced that intended to shut down their center city facility by the fall of 1834, with the intention of transferring all of their services to a new site in the West Philadelphia neighborhood of Blockley. [[Pennsylvania Hospital]]’s initial response to the move of the [[Philadelphia Almshouse]] was to attempt to purchase its center city land holdings. The "Western Lot" of the Pennsylvania Hospital was open land on the west side of Ninth Street. The Hospital owned the land from Spruce Street on the north all the way south to Pine Street, but only half the distance to Tenth Street. The other half of the block was also open and it was owned by the Almshouse. On the other side of Tenth Street was the city square on which the Almshouse buildings stood. If the western half of the Ninth Street block could be purchased, the way would be clear to expand westward yet another city square.<br />
<br />
On May 3, 1830, the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital met and adopted a resolution directing the Board of Managers of the Hospital to purchase the western half of the Ninth Street block from the Almshouse, but not to offer more than $50,000 for the land available. The Board quickly made an offer of the full $50,000, but the Guardians of the Poor refused to sell. Instead, later that same year, they decided to put the land up for sale at public auction. The Board of Managers, meeting on December 27, pf the same year, authorized a bid of $50,000 at the auction, but the minutes of the Board for January 12, 1831 note that the Board’s representatives attended the auction and bid $50,100, but that another bidder had offered more and had purchased the property outright. The winning bid was just $400 more than the hospital had offered: $50,400.75. The new owner planned to develop the site promptly. The Hospital’s Board of Managers, frustrated in their efforts to expand westward, were now forced to consider other options. The Managers began by articulating the Hospital’s need. The minutes of the Board for January 31, 1831 included the following statement:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"The great increase of the number of insane patients which claim the care of this Institution and for whose suitable accommodation and means of relief and restoration the Managers feel deeply concerned has been a subject of frequent consultation. The Board believes it to be a duty to record its sense on this interesting concern and to express its opinion that when sufficient funds can be procured by the contributions of the benevolent, it will be proper to afford adequate space for that description of patients, the present building having become crowded."''</blockquote><br />
<br />
The Managers reflected on these minute and then, in April, decided to bring it before the next meeting of the Contributors, which was held on May 2, 1831. The Contributors responded by adopting the following resolutions:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"Whereas, from the great increase of Insane patients under the care of this Institution, that portion of the Hospital appropriated to the reception of such cases is no longer adequate to their proper accommodation. And Whereas it is evident that an Assemblage of Lunatics and Sick patients under the Same Roof is inconvenient and unfavorable to the seclusion and mental discipline essential in cases of Insanity; therefore. Resolved, That we consider it necessary to the interests of this institution and the furtherance of its humane design that a separate Asylum be provided for our Insane patients with ample space for their proper seclusion, classification & employment. Resolved, That the Board of Managers be and they are hereby directed to propose at a future meeting of the Contributors to be called by the Managers when prepared, a suitable site for such an Asylum and the ways and means for carrying into effect the foregoing Resolutions."''</blockquote><br />
<br />
These resolutions confronted the Managers with two major challenges for the future of the hospital: where to locate a new hospital building dedicated to the care of the insane, and how to fund its design, construction, furnishings, and subsequent operations. The Board of Managers would struggle with these two questions on and off for the next four years. Their first choice was to build on the city square on the south side of Pine Street, bounded by Pine, Eighth, Lombard, and Ninth streets. In November of 1831, the Managers paid $10,000 for a property on the west side of Eighth Street, between Pine and Lombard. With this purchase they consolidated the Hospital’s ownership of the entire city block. In March 1832, the Managers voted to recommend to the Board of Contributors that the Hospital sell the "Eastern Lot," that is, the city block bounded by Spruce, Seventh, Pine, and Eighth streets. The Board of Managers’ recommendation, though regretted, was agreed upon as the best option available to the Hospital at the time. At their regular annual meeting, held on May 7, 1832, the Board of Contributors adopted the following resolution<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"Resolved, that the Managers be authorized to make sale of the Eastern Lot for the purpose of raising funds to erect buildings for the additional accommodation of the Hospital."''</blockquote><br />
<br />
=== Selection of a new site: 1834-1840 ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Map.png|400px|thumb|right|The original campus of Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane as it would have appeared around the year 1900]]<br />
<br />
The disposition of the Eastern Lot, however, proved to be a very slow process. More than a year passed before the Board of Managers authorized the first sales of land, and several years passed before the last of the building lots were sold to private interests. In the interim a division took place among hospital administrators about how to proceed with expansion, and how to properly address the rising census of insane patients. Economics necessity had them bound to inpatient psychiatric care for the time being. This had been a mounting problem for several decades prior because of the reversal of hospital policy under Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]], stating that lunatic should be treated on the regular medical unit of the hospital.<br />
<br />
At a meeting of the Board held on January 27, 1834, progress was reported for possible construction on the south lot of the property; but just a month later, on February 24th, the committee overseeing this capital improvement was dissolved. The minutes of the Board of Managers contain no further reference to plans for a new building on the South Lot of the hospital. It is likely that the proposal must have met too much resistance from administration. Another year passed without any change to the status development of this project. The Sale of building lots, carved out of the former Eastern Lot progressed, but only very slowly. Finally, on May 8, 1835, the Board of Managers decided to call a meeting of the Contributors. The Contributors concluded by adopting the following resolution:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''Resolved, that in the opinion of this meeting it is expedient that the Lunatic department of the Pennsylvania Hospital should be removed from the City of Philadelphia to the country in its vicinity, provided that the removal can be effected upon such a plan as will promote the comfort and improve the health of the patients and admit of the superintendence and control essential to a good administration of the institution. Resolved, That the Managers of the Hospital be, and they are hereby requested to prepare and report to the Contributors at their next meeting a plan of removal agreeably to the preceding resolution; embracing in their report the location in point of distance from the City, the general structure of the buildings to be erected, the details of the organization for superintendence and control, the funds and resources of the Corporation available for this object, and the probable cost; with such facts and remarks as they may think it expedient to communicate for the information of the Contributors.''</blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:Construction.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|Construction of Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, circa 1840]]<br />
<br />
The Managers appointed an 'ad hoc' committee to respond to these resolutions and to report to the Board. On August 4, 1835 the committee reported back to the Board. The members of the committee reported their preference for a new hospital for the insane inside the city limits, but because popular sway among the members of the board lead to adopting a resolution to locate the new hospital in a more rural atmosphere. The long debate over the location of a new hospital seemed finally concluded, but the issue of funding was still outstanding. The committee estimated that the cost of land, design, construction, and furnishings for a new hospital for the insane would be $203,000; that the annual operating expenses of the hospital would be around $25,000 per anum; and that the annual revenues from paying patients would be about $12,500. The interest on $200,000 in capital funds would be required to pay the remaining annual cost of $12,500. The total estimated for construction would be $403,000, a sum the committee termed "immense." (roughly equivalent to 40 million USD in 2013). <br />
<br />
The hospital moved to purchase a 101-acre farm in West Philadelphia in 1835 from Matthew Arrison, a local merchant. In March of 1836 the Board of Managers selected an English architect, Isaac Holden, to design the new buildings. The cornerstone for this new facility was laid on July 26, 1836 on the corner of 44th and Market Streets, which would later become the Female Department of the hospital. The design of the new Hospital for the Insane followed certain fundamental decisions. First, the Board and its architect maintained the Haverford Avenue orientation of the country estate. The entrance to the new hospital buildings remained on Haverford Avenue and the brick mansion at the top of the hill was not disturbed, as it would soon become the house of the hospital superintendent. The new structures were sited behind the big house and towards the southeast end of the 101 acres. Second, in order "to have control of all the springs in the neighborhood of the pump-house," the Board made two purchases of land, which together added approximately ten acres to the east end of the grounds. Third, they enclosed forty-one acres of the land, including the two new purchases, by building a large stone wall, 5,483 feet in length and 10½ feet high around the hospital's primary enclosure. In 1839, when the construction was only about half finished, Holden took ill and returned to England. Construction was completed from his original designs.<br />
<br />
The question of selecting an appropriate superintendent was complicated because of the absence of other large psychiatric facilities in the America at the time. Locally, only [[Friends Hospital]], then known at the Frankford Asylum, was operational in treating psychiatric disorders, and was only financially viable because of large donations offered from the Society of Friends. The Board of Manager voted on October 12, 1840 and elected to hire the thirty-one year old [[Alienist]] physician, Dr. [[Thomas Story Kirkbride]], as the head of the new hospital, which would open the following January. Dr. Kirkbride was Pennsylvania native, born in Morrisville, where his family resided, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School only a few years prior in 1832. Kirkbride had served three years as a resident physician at [[Friends Hospital]] for the Insane in Frankford township, a rural setting about five miles northeast of the City of Philadelphia. In 1835 he returned to Philadelphia and opened a general practice. Just before his appointment in 1839, he married the daughter of one of the former Managers of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital]]. He accepted the Board’s appointment and immediately took control of the new department.<br />
<br />
=== Under Dr. Kirkbride: 1840-1883 ===<br />
<br />
In January 1841, the Board of Managers opened the new hospital buildings and gradually, over the next few months, transferred ninety-three insane patients to the West Philadelphia campus. A Philadelphia newspaper, the North American, reported on the progress of the move in its issue of March 1, 1841:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"Removal of the Insane- During the past week, about sixty of the insane patients were removed from the Pennsylvania Hospital to the new building belonging to the institution, erected over the Schuylkill for patients of this description. The removal of the remainder, some forty or fifty in number, will shortly be effected."''</blockquote><br />
<br />
Another Philadelphia newspaper, the Public Ledger, on 29 May, also reported on the new hospital:108<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane- ''The contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital lately finished the main buildings of their new Hospital for the insane. This is situated about two miles west of the Permanent Bridge, between the Haverford and West Chester roads. The number of patients which can be accommodated there is stated to be 200. Poor patients are supported by the Hospital, other pay according to their ability. The lowest rate of board for a Pennsylvanian being three dollars fifty cents per week, or $182 per annum – for an inhabitant of any other State, $5 per week, or $250 per annum. The whole receipts go to the support of the Institution. The arrangements are on a fine scale, board cheap, situation healthy, and treatment judicious.''"</blockquote><br />
<br />
At the regular, annual meeting of the Contributors to [[Pennsylvania Hospital]], held on May 3, 1841, the Board of Managers reported that the main new building of the 'Hospital for the Insane' was officially completed and occupied. They also provided the Contributors with a final accounting of the project’s ongoing venues and expenditures. The purchase of the 101-acre Arrison farm estate, as well as two subsequent purchases of adjoining land, totaling ten acres had together cost $33,058.81. Design and construction had cost $265,000. Total expenditures to date were therefore $298,058.81, significantly under the previous expectations. This sum was more than balanced by the proceeds from the sale of the city square to the east of the Eighth Street, $154,226.24; by the proceeds from the sale of the partial squares to the west of Ninth Street, $120,000.00; and by the accumulated interest on the sale of these lands, $48,883.08. Total revenues to date were therefore $323,109.32, leaving $25,050.51 in the hospital building fund.<br />
<br />
[[File:Kirkbride.jpeg|200px|thumb|left|Dr. Thomas Kirkbride]]<br />
<br />
The new superintendent, [[Thomas Story Kirkbride]], gained national renown because of his particular clinical methods. He developed a more humane way of treatment for the mentally ill that became widely influential within American Psychiatry. Today, the former Institute campus exists as a multi-purpose social-service facility. The new hospital, located on a 101-acre (0.41 km²) tract of the as yet unincorporated district of West Philadelphia, offered comforts and a “humane treatment” philosophy that set a standard for its day. Unlike other asylums where patients were often kept chained in crowded, unsanitary wards with little if any treatment, patients at Pennsylvania Hospital resided in private rooms, received medical treatment, worked outdoors and enjoyed recreational activities including lectures and a use of the hospital library. The campus originally featured one, but later, two hospital buildings, which were separated by a creek and pleasure grounds.<br />
<br />
The first building was a long thin building located west of the Schuylkill River. This building would eventually become the female department. Though the building does reflect the [[Kirkbride Plan]] it was actually constructed before Dr. Kirkbride was given full supervisory duties. Construction began under the control of architect Isaac Holden, but later illness forced Issac to return to his home country of England. The building was then finished by a young Samuel Sloan, who had previously worked as a carpenter on Eastern State Penitentiary. Sloan finished the building in 1841 using Holden's plans. The building was a rather simple design compared to later Kirkbride Plan buildings. Constructed of cut limestone, it was three stories tall with a central administration section flanked on either side by a set of wings. The top of the administration section was crowned with a large dome. On both the front and back of the administration section were stone porticoes. The interior of the building was well furnished, the lavishly carpeted corridors were twelve feet wide. The building features iron stairs, well lighted wards, and iron water tanks in the dome over the administration section, which provided fresh water to all of the building. <br />
<br />
While the main building of the new Hospital was completed, Superintendent Kirkbride petitioned the Managers that it was not adequate for "the noisy, violent and habitually filthy patients." He requested the Managers and Contributors to approve the construction of two detached buildings for this particular class of patients. The Contributors, at their May 1841 meeting, did approve the construction of these additional structures. These ward building were much smaller, one story, "W" shaped buildings. They were frequently used to house the noisy, disruptive and violent patients, so that they wouldn't disturb the calmer, more manageable patients in the main hospital building.<br />
<br />
Superintendent Kirkbride developed his treatment philosophy based on research he conducted at other progressive asylums of the day including the asylum at Worcester, Massachusetts. Out of his philosophy emerged what would become known as the Kirkbride Plan, which created a model design for psychiatric hospital that was employed across the United States throughout the 19th century. This plan would be used for the hospital’s second building. On July 7, 1856, the cornerstone for a new building, built with the money from individual contributions, was laid at 49th and Market Streets, five blocks west of the original building. The new structure, which was to house only male patients, was dubbed the Department for Males, while the original building officially became known as the Department for Females. Dr Kirkbride commissioned Architect Samuel Sloan to design the new building. Built of stone and brick, the new building was laid out, as Kirkbride expressed, "in echelons." A large rectangular building, 3 1/2 stories tall, with gable roof and central dome, and a 2 story pedimented portico on its western facade, provided the central focus of the hospital and also housed its administrative offices. Extending from the center of this building to the north and south are two symmetrical wings about 250 feet long, 3 stories tall with gable roofs and ventilation cupolas at their furthermost termini. These wings were in turn connected to another pair, which extended to the east approximately 230 feet, paralleling each other, and of the same general appearance. At each terminus of the these rear wings was a final E-shaped wing which extended out approximately 250 feet. The north E wing housed troublesome patients, and the south E wing has since been removed. No wings are exactly in line, thus allowing fresh air to reach each wing on all four sides. Each of the patients' rooms in the wings had its own fresh air duct, the air being driven in from the towers at the terminus of each wing. There were 16 wards in the hospital, one for each of 16 distinct classes of patients, and each ward had its own parlor, dining room, and bathroom. Outside, there were gardens, shops, and walks for the patients.<br />
<br />
For the first seventy years of its existence Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane steadily increased in its size and clinical complexity. As early as February 1844 the trend for expansion had been firmly established. The ''Public Ledger'' took note of the statistics in Kirkbride’s annual report and published the following brief article: ''We have received a copy of the Report of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane for 1843. There were 140 patients admitted during the year, 126 have been discharged or died, and there remain 132 under care. There were cured 68, much improved 7, improved 14, stationary 20, died 17 – total 126. The Report contains a number of statistical tables, showing the number and sex of the persons admitted since the opening: their ages, occupations, condition, nativity, country, and the causes which produced insanity in them, with the duration and number of the attacks. Since the opening of this Hospital, three years since, there has been a steady increase in the number of patients admitted, and the number under care at one time has constantly been augmenting. The total number under care in 1841, was 176; in 1842, 238; in 1843, 258.''<br />
<br />
Expansion of the site continued, and by 1851, just ten years after its opening, the Hospital was "inconveniently crowded", though the [Annual] hospital report stated that "the general good health which then prevailed, enabled us to receive all the cases that were brought to the Hospital, although much difficulty was often experienced in accommodating them." Two years later, the annual report for 1853 became more grim, and stated: <br />
<br />
<blockquote>"''during the entire year, the institution has been rather more than comfortably filled, the average number for the whole period, as shown above, being 229, while 220 is regarded as the capacity of the building. Anxious to receive all who desired admission, we have at no previous time refused any suitable applicant; but during a part of the year just closed, we were for a time compelled, although with great reluctance, to decline receiving patients, except under the most urgent circumstances.''"</blockquote><br />
<br />
[[File:1180Females.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|Department for Females, circa 1880]]<br />
<br />
By May 1854, Dr. Kirkbride had convinced the Hospital’s Board of Managers of the need to build a second, larger hospital building on the West Philadelphia grounds, and to separate the patients by sex, which was the custom of the era. The Managers authorized a $250,000 fundraising campaign and published an "Appeal to the Citizens of Pennsylvania for Means to Provide Additional Accommodations for the Insane." By the spring of 1856 the campaign had raised $209,000 in gifts and private pledges. In March of that year, the Managers authorized the design and construction of a separate building to house, the "Department for Males", and it appointed a building committee to oversee the work. The committee selected Samuel Sloan as its primary architect. Sloan took due consideration of Dr. Kirkbride's suggestions, as well as the guidelines of his predecessor in the Department for Females. Construction began in July, and in October the Managers conducted a ceremony in West Philadelphia in which the Mayor of Philadelphia, Richard Vaux, laid the hospital cornerstone. The new building opened three years later, in October 1859, with a separate entrance on 49th Street, midway between Haverford Avenue and the West Chester Road (renamed Market Street). The new building’s total cost was $322,542.86, but additional expenses– a boundary wall, carriage house, carpenter shop, brought the total expenditure to approximately $350,000.17. <br />
<br />
The new 'Department for Males' was magnificent, with "a handsome Doric portico of granite in front, and is surmounted by a dome of good proportions. The lantern on the dome is 119 feet from the pavement below, and from it is a beautiful panoramic view of the fertile and highly improved surrounding country, the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, and the city of Philadelphia, with its many prominent objects of interest." In 1860, the original building, now the "Department for Females," was extensively renovated, and placed in the same condition as the new building. The capacity of the Department for the Insane was thereby doubled, from 220 patients to 470 total. It was now an extraordinary large institution, one of the first to be designed and organized in accordance with the 1851 guidelines of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (guidelines which had been authored by Kirkbride himself), but it was also was one with critics. Dr. Meigs, in his 1876 history of the Pennsylvania Hospital, acknowledged many of the problems, but defended the hospital, stating:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"Occasionally, an outcry has been raised against what the objectors have been pleased to call ‘palaces for the insane.’ What would these critics have? A building to contain from 200 to 250 patients, with officers, attendants, cooks, bakers; with offices, sitting-rooms, bed-rooms, bath-rooms, water-closets, ironing-rooms, and kitchens; can such a building be other than large and imposing? Is it a palace, simply because it is vast? This element of size cannot be avoided, and the question reduces itself to the simple alternative, shall the so-called palace be imposing by the hugeness of its deformity, or by fitness for its purposes, and by the beauty of its outlines?<br />
<br />
But such cavils against insane hospitals come only from the thoughtless. I have always felt, and shall always feel, grateful to the Managers of this Hospital, for the fine taste they have shown in the style and architecture of these buildings. Amongst the pious uses of money is the embellishment of cities.<br />
<br />
We cannot be too thankful that the buildings for the insane were made handsome, striking, and picturesque. Some one of these cavillers, or any one of us, may yet have to place in an insane asylum some one near and dear to us. Who knows what the morrow shall bring forth? If it were to be so, should we choose a building with the air of a prison, penitentiary, or great uncouth and rambling hotel, or a well-proportioned, attractive, and imposing house for the poor afflicted one to dwell in? No, for one, I rejoice in these handsome and attractive buildings for the insane. I think it must be only a weak, pitiful mind, and a cruel soul, that would refuse to these afflicted ones such sweet pleasures of the senses as we may be able to give them."''</blockquote><br />
<br />
Despite the critics, expensive improvements in the physical plant continued for several years. In 1868, 1873, 1880, 1888, and 1893, five new buildings were constructed for women patients and called the South Fisher Ward, the North Fisher Ward, the Mary Shields Wards, the Cottage House or Villa, and the I.V. Williamson Wards, respectively. In 1864 the women’s "Gymnastic Hall" was funded and constructed and in 1890 a gymnasium was also constructed for the men's campus. At the close of the 19th century the facilities of the hospital for the Insane rivaled those of any similar institution in the nation.<br />
<br />
Likewise, the staffing of the 'Hospital for the Insane' steadily expanded through the 19th century and well into the early 20th. A broadly useful view of the hospital may be obtained from the decennial U.S. census returns. In 1850, Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane housed 251 resident patients, and 85 resident staff; in 1860, 276 patients, and 119 staff; in 1870, 327 patients, and 167 staff; in 1880, 376 patients and 218 staff; in 1900, 437 patients, and 267 staff; and in 1910, 446 patients and 291 staff. A community that totaled 336 persons in 1850 more than doubled in size to one that totaled 737 in 1910. In addition to its rapid growth, it was noted for being an extremely self-contained community. There were the officers– the superintendent, the stewards, the matrons, the physicians– and those who cared directly for the patients, such as: the attendants (later called nurses); but even as early as 1850 there were also farm laborers, cooks, men to attend to the fireplaces which heated each room, carpenters, coachmen, and gate keepers, all of them resident staff, living on the grounds of the hospital proper. The number of work specializations increased with each decade, until, in 1910, there were also gardeners, waitresses, laundresses, cleaners, seamstresses, even a masseur, a pharmacist, a buyer of clothing, a bookkeeper, a storekeeper, an engineer, and two messengers. The Department was a neighborhood unto itself. It should also be noted that throughout this period, while the patients were almost all native born, the majority of the staff were natives of Ireland. If these arrangements seemed acceptable in the 19th century, they certainly were challenged by the changing ethnic demographics of West Philadelphia in the 20th century.<br />
<br />
=== Turn of the Century: 1883 to 1911 ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Attendants.jpeg|250px|thumb|left|Attendants at Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]]<br />
<br />
The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane flourished under Kirkbride until his death on December 16, 1883, though for decades after his death, Philadelphia natives colloquially referred to the hospital as "Kirkbride's." Dr. [[John Chapin]], the former Superintendent of the [[Willard State Hospital]] in New York, assumed the role of Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane after Kirkbride's demise, following a lengthy election by the Board of Managers. The Board had spent ten months making their selection, which was precarious because of the fame and reputation of Kirkbride. Chapin officially assumed this role on September 1, 1884, and held that office until the resignation from his duties in 1911. He was directly succeeded by Dr. Owen Copp, who initiated a School of Nursing for Men at the Hospital. Dr. Chapin appoints Leroy Craig as the first director of 'the Pennsylvania Hospital School of Nursing for Men'. Craig gains notoriety as the first male superintendent of a male nursing school in the country. Similar schools had previously been established locally at [[Friends Hospital]] and [[Norristown State Hospital]]. The new school of nursing was devoted to training male nurses in generalized nursing practices, as well as the specialization in the disciplines of psychiatric care.<br />
<br />
It is during the second part of the hospital's history that the particulars of its operations change dramatically. Starting in 1876 the number of patients admitted to the inpatient based upon charity began to drop, which was credited to rise of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's involvement in psychiatry as a matter of the public health. This rise in psychiatric care was found to be startling in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. When Kirkbride opened the new asylum in 1840 there were a total of 275 beds available for those who suffered from mental illnesses. shared by the facility and [[Friends Hospital]]. By 1895, 7,000 inpatient beds had been created between various: private and state hospitals, as well as local sanitariums. While this trend would continue well into the 20th century, Pennsylvania Hospital's inpatient population maximum would not change from the five-hundred beds it was allotted following its expansion in 1853. While the Institute would remain an industry leader, it was longer the only psychiatric facility available to the public regionally.<br />
<br />
In contrast to many state facilities, the physical site and grounds of the 'Hospital for the Insane' were indeed "of the first class" status, and would remain so in public opinion. So too was the number of staff attending, and the staff’s general care of their patients. AS the 19th century progressed, it became clear that the 'Hospital for the Insane' was increasingly becoming an elite institution. West Philadelphia, however, was growing up all around the Hospital and between 1886 and 1891 the Managers of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] took four actions which demonstrated the extent of the city’s presence. The first was perhaps the most significant. In May 1886, the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital authorized the Managers "to purchase such area of land, within a reasonable distance from the city, not exceeding 500 acres, in order to prepare a site for such future adjuncts or additions to their Hospital as may hereafter be required or found desirable." In June of that year, the Managers formed a committee which began buying land in Newtown Square, Delaware County. By May 1891, five years later, the purchases totaled "607 acres". The land was designated for the future of the 'Hospital for the Insane', and in 1892 the Managers announced tentative plans for building on the acreage. However, this would never materialize. <br />
<br />
Then, in 1888 and 1889, the Board of Managers clashed with the City of Philadelphia over their charity status and the issue of medical exemption from city taxation. In the summer of 1887, the Board of Managers authorized the construction of the "Cottage House" or "Villa" for female patients at the hospital. The new structure opened in June 1888 to mild fan fair. The municipal government made a claim against the hospital for water supply to the new building, justifying its assessment on the argument that the rates for occupancy of the Cottage House were such as to guarantee a profit to the hospital. The Managers sued the City and the case was appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. The Court ruled in favor of the hospital. Morton and Woodbury, writing in 1894, trumpeted the decision: <br />
<br />
<blockquote>''"The Supreme Court very clearly stated the facts that all the income of the Pennsylvania Hospital is expended in charitable work, and it cannot be regarded as a money-making institution, for any excess over maintenance which is paid by rich patients is used to support others who are destitute of means to make any pecuniary acknowledgment.''"</blockquote><br />
<br />
In 1890, the entrance to the 'Department for Women' was moved from 44th Street and Haverford Avenue to the junction of Powelton Avenue, 44th Street and Market Street. A new gate and security building were constructed at the new entrance. The change was deemed necessary to "render the Hospital more accessible to lines of travel and centres of population." Market Street, rather than Haverford Avenue, had become the principal thoroughfare of West Philadelphia by the late 19th century. Finally, in 1891, "the Managers made a concession of a strip of land extending from Market Street to Haverford Avenue, 80 feet wide, selling it to the City of Philadelphia, on condition that a sewer should be constructed without cost to the hospital, along the course of the former Mill Creek, to connect at both points with sewers already prepared. This construction divides the 113 acres of the Hospital property into two nearly equal parts of upwards of fifty acres each." With this gift to the City of Philadelphia, the Managers allowed 46th Street to become the first thoroughfare to cut through the land of the 'Department for the Insane.' By the 1890 the immediacy of the urban area surrounding the hospital had become a major factor in its daily operations, something was was unforeseen when the first brick was laid fifty years earlier.<br />
<br />
==== Medical Staff Directory: 1840-1922 ====<br />
<br />
The original organization of [[Alienist]] physicians within Pennsylvania Hospital was severely limited. Dr. Kirkbride had laid the foundation of this level of medical hierarchy, which would be maintained to some degree until 1915. This hierarchy places the superintendent as charge and master of all medico-psychiatric issues taking place within the hospital, and an assistant physician to aid to either the male or female departments. Since this was a considerable prestigious post for many psychiatrists it became a starting point for many early careers within the field. However, shifting conceptions of psychiatric care changed in the early 20th century, largely due to legislation lobbied for by Pennsylvania's Committee on Lunacy. Additionally, the 'Food and Drug Act' of 1914 drastically altered the landscape of psychotropics within American Psychiatry. As a result, the Board of Managers of Pennsylvania Hospital, under the guidance of Dr. [[Owen Copp]], reorganized the structure of inpatient treatment and effectively tripled the number of physicians employed to treat the insane. Attending Physicians were also allotted significantly smaller caseloads of patients, from rough 250 per doctor in 1880, to 62 in 1915. This measure also stood in stark contrast to the public mental health facilities of the period, which were notorious for being chronically understaffed. <br />
<br />
*1) '''[[Thomas Story Kirkbride]]''' - Hospital Superintendent, 1840-1883; President of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] 1862-1870. He originally had intention of being a surgeon, but remained at the hospital for the duration of his career, dying in the superintendent's house in 1883.<br />
*2) '''[[Edward Hartshorne]]''' - Assistant Physician, 1841-1894. His remained with Pennsylvania Hospital for the duration of his career. His son, Edward V. Hartshorne, would become Treasurer of the Department of Nervous and Mental Diseases after the death of his father. They maintained the same office at 409 Chestnut Street, near [[Pennsylvania Hospital]]'s original campus.<br />
*3) '''Francis Smith''' - Assistant Physician, 1841<br />
*4) '''Robert A. Given''' - Assistant Physician, 1842-1844; later the founder of [[Burn-Brae]] Hospital in Clifton Heights, PA.<br />
*5) '''[[John Curwen]]''' - Assistant Physician, 1844-1849; left to become Superintendent of [[Harrisburg State Hospital]] in 1850.<br />
*6) '''Thomas J. Mendenhall''' - Assistant Physician, 1849- 1851<br />
*7) '''[[J. Edwards Lee]]''' - Assistant Physician, 1851-1856, 1862-1868, appointed Superintendent of [[Mendota State Hospital]] 1856-1862.<br />
*8) '''Edward A. Smith''' - Assistant Physician, 1856-1862, he left to assume an unspecified post at [[Bloomingdale Asylum]].<br />
*9) '''S. Preston Jones''' - Assistant Physician, 1859-1884<br />
*10} '''William Longshore''' - Assistant Physician, 1860-1862<br />
*11) '''James Hall''' - Assistant Physician, 1863<br />
*12) '''Daniel Beitler''' - Assistant Physician, 1863-1867<br />
*13) '''John T. Wilson''' - Assistant Physician, 1867-1868<br />
*14) '''William P. Moon''' - Assistant Physician, 1868-1883<br />
*15) '''[[N. Roe Bradner]]''' - Assistant Physician, 1869-1871, prolific medical writer and advocate for the temperance movement.<br />
*16) '''William H. Bartles''' - Assistant Physician, 1871-1884, left to establish a private practice in Flemington, NJ from 1884 to 1906.<br />
*17) '''Robert J. Hess''' - Assistant Physician, 1875-1879<br />
*18) '''Frank Carson''' - Assistant Physician, 1879-1881<br />
*19) '''Henry Nunemaker''' - Assistant Physician, 1881-1931<br />
*20) '''Henry M. Wetherill''' - Assistant Physician, 1881-1889, went on to work for the Pennsylvania Committee on Lunacy, died 1904<br />
*21) '''Charles Franklin''' - Assistant Physician, 1884-1887, later of the [[Gundry Sanitarium]] in Baltimore.<br />
*22) '''[[John Chapin]]''' - Hospital Superintendent, 1884-1911; President of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] 1888-1889<br />
*23) '''[[Edward Brush]]''' - Assistant Physician, 1884-1891, left to become Psychiatrist-in-chief of [[Shepherd-Pratt Hospital]] from 1891 to 1920.<br />
*24) '''William H. Harrison''' - Assistant Physician, 1887-1894<br />
*25) '''Eli E. Josselyn''' - Assistant Physician, 1887, 1889-1903, died suddenly in 1903 of angina pectoris.<br />
*26) '''Albert Moulton''' - Assistant Physician, 1891-1914, retired, died in 1917.<br />
*27) '''Horace Philips''' - Assistant Physician, 1894-?, Later sat on the Pennsylvania Committee on Lunacy. <br />
*28) '''Charles B. Williams''' - Assistant Physician, 1903-1911<br />
*29) '''[[GW McCafferty]] Jr.''' - Assistant Physician, 1908-1912; previously of [[Norristown State Hospital]] 1901-1908.<br />
*30) '''Herbert H. Thompson''' - Assistant Physician, 1911-1912<br />
*31) '''[[Owen Copp]]''' - Psychiatrist-in-Chief, 1911-1922; President of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] 1921-1922.<br />
*32) '''Maude M. Rees''' - Assistant Physician, 1912-1914, left to assume position as a resident physician at [[Springfield State Hospital]]<br />
*33) '''Frederick C. Rinker''' - Assistant Physician, 1912-1913, became a professor at the University of Wisconsin Medical School. Return to Virginia in 1919 to run a private practice; died 1943. <br />
*34) '''Hendrick A. Ross''' - Assistant Physician, 1912-1913<br />
*35) '''Robert L. Allen''' - Assistant Physician, 1914-?<br />
*36) '''Charles H. Sprague''' - Assistant Physician, 1914<br />
*37) '''[[Samuel T. Orton]]''' - Clinical Director and Pathologist, 1915-1919; left to become Director of the [[Iowa State Psychopathic Hospital]].<br />
*38) '''Daniel H. Fuller''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Men, 1915-?; Medical Director for the Department for Males 1922(?); later sat on the Pennsylvania Committee of Lunacy. Superintendent of [[Adams-Nervine Asylum]].<br />
*39) '''Horace J. Williams''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Men, 1915-?; later employed as an attending psychiatrist by Germantown Hospital in Philadelphia<br />
*40) '''George T. Faris''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Men, 1915-1919; ran a private practice in Glenside, PA until his death in 1966.<br />
*41) '''[[Earl Bond]]''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, 1915-?; Medical Director for the Department for Women ?-1922; Psychiatrist-in-Chief, 1922-1935; President of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] 1930-1931<br />
*42) '''Alice H. Cook''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, 1915-?, left the field entirely in 1919 to specialize in "diseases of the throat".<br />
*43) '''Uriah F. McCurdy''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, 1915-?<br />
*44) '''[[Edward Strecker]]''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, 1915-1959, Chief Medical Officer 1920-1928; President of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] 1943-1944.<br />
*45) '''Annie E. Taft''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, 1918-1920; left to become Custodian of the Neuro-pathological Collection, Harvard Medical School; Special Investigator, Massachusetts Commission on Mental Diseases.<br />
*45) '''Harry S. Newcomer''' - Scientific Director of Laboratories, 1922?<br />
*46) '''Elmer V. Eyman''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Men 1921-1935; Chief of Services, 1935-1955; Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania; died in 1955 in Philadelphia.<br />
*47) '''James M. Robbins''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Men,<br />
*48) '''Norman M. MacNeill''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, later Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Jefferson University Medical Center.<br />
*49) '''Clara L. McCord''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, 1920-?; previously of [[Norristown State Hospital]] 1919-1920, where she completed her residency. <br />
*50) '''Baldwin L. Keyes''' - Assistant Physician, Department for Women, (probably only a resident physician) 1922-1923; went on to become President of the Philadelphia Psychiatric Society; he died in 1994, at the age of 100.<br />
<br />
=== Innovation and Expansion: 1912 to 1958 ===<br />
<br />
In 1911, the Managers of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] appointed [[Owen Copp]] (1858-1933) Physician-in-Chief and Superintendent of the 'Hospital for the Insane'. Dr. Copp was a native of New England, who graduated from Dartmouth College in 1881, and from Harvard Medical School in 1884. One year later, he became a physician in the [[Tauton State Hospital]] for the Insane, in Massachusetts. In 1895 he was named the first Superintendent of the [[Massachusetts Hospital for Epileptics]] at Monson, and in 1899 he was named Executive Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Insanity (known today as the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health). In this last position, his achievements in improving the care of the institutionalized insane in Massachusetts brought him national attention. Pennsylvania Hospital's appointment was one of his many rewards for a long service record in psychiatry. Shortly after this appointment, he was named the [[American Psychiatric Association]] in 1921.<br />
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Dr. Copp’s administration proved trans-formative for the Hospital for the Insane. He began, as he had done in Massachusetts, by advocating higher standards in the care of the Department’s patients, in contrast to public facilities. Simultaneously, he began to reduce the duration of patient treatment and the number of in-patients present, deciding in many cases that the patient could do better in the familiar surroundings of family and community. This new philosophy was expressed in where the terms "[[Insanity]]" was stricken from all clinical proceedings at the hospital. Shortly thereafter, the term was deemed archaic and pejorative, and quickly fell out of clinical use by the end of the decade.<br />
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With the dawn of the 20th Century, a particular fascination with professional laboratory science was ushered in. It was posited that by more closely examining the brain and its inner workings, physicians could be able to determine the mysteries of behavioral disturbance and their alleged correlation with physio-chemical inbalances. Neurologists and Micro-biologists concluded that insanity was a 'disease' of the nervous system, and it should be treated directed as such. Researchers collected brain specimens of deceased insane patients to search for clues about the nature of such pathologies. These early neuro-psychiatrists were no longer convinced that 'humane treatment' alone was sufficient to bring about psychiatric recovery for most of the clinical population. They looked for more allegedly scientific methods in conducting their various therapies. Reflecting this changing view, the hospital's name was changed in January of 1918 from 'the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane' to the "Department for Mental and Nervous Diseases at Pennsylvania Hospital". This name remained with the hospital for the next four decades. It was also during this period that professional nurses and personnel trained in psychiatry replaced the former attendants. <br />
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[[File:North.jpeg|280px|thumb|right|The Female Department of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]]<br />
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In 1913, Dr. [[Edward Strecker]] joined the hospital as an assistant physician. Over his forty-six years of tenure at the hospital, he became a preeminent author and teacher of clinical psychiatry. In 1920, Dr. Strecker established one of the first psychiatric outpatient community clinics in the world at Pennsylvania Hospital's 8th and Spruce Street campus. This facility, which would later become [[Hall-Mercer]] Community Mental Health Center, continues to operate as a well regarding outpatient provider in the City of Philadelphia. Additionally, as a pioneer in the treatment of alcoholism, Dr. Strecker was one of the first physician to presume that alcoholism should be treated as a disease of the mind, not an ethical failing on the part of the individual. In 1935, Pennsylvania Hospital was the first psychiatric institution to hire a recovering person as an addiction counselor, a practice that has since become commonplace. Dr. Strecker, and his former alcoholic patient, Francis Chambers, Jr., developed the "dual diagnosis therapy" approach for recovery alcoholics, combining abstinence and ongoing psychological counseling. Following his death, the Institute's substance abuse unit was renamed "The Strecker Program" in his honor; and in 1989, it was named "Treatment Center of the Year" by the American Council on Alcoholism.<br />
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During the early 20th century, The Institute also introduced outpatient treatment for those with, what was then known as Psycho-[[Neurosis]], -- everyday family and work-related problems, such as: anxiety, sleeplessness, depression or low self-esteem. Psychotic patients in the Institute were transferred to the 44th Street location to make way for outpatient services geared to the community at large. The Institute thus became one of the few hospital programs nationally to treat patients ranging from the severely mentally-ill, to those needing help with the stresses of their everyday living. This is commonly regarding as the beginning of the de-institutionalization movement, which in tragic irony, would ultimately have the Institute itself shut down.<br />
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Once surrounded by 130-acres of grounds, the hospital by the 1930's was now contained in approximately 27-acres bounded on the North and South by Haverford Avenue and Market Street, and on the East and West by 48th and 49th Streets respectively. The hospital continued to expand, and had many new buildings added during this period. Two additions were made to the Kirkbride original structure. The auditorium on the northern side of the north wing, which runs east to west (which still stands. Additionally, a wing extended back from the primary entrance building and connects with the northern extension off the original central building. The land to the north of the original structure was developed and occupied by a series of maintenance and clinical buildings, all constructed between 1929 And 1959. Open grounds to the south and east of the hospital wards were still open to the public at this time. However, a number of interior alterations of the original structures were done as a means of keeping up with modernization of medical practices. The 22-foot high ceilings were lowered, many of the grands halls had been interrupted by individual partitions, and most of the smaller patients' rooms were converted into offices for hospital staff.<br />
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In 1934, Dr. [[Joseph Hughes]] joined the medical staff of the Institute. At a time when insulin and other physio-chemical shock therapies were in common use for the treatment of psychiatric disorder, Dr. Hughes did extensive research into potential clinical alternatives. At the time there was no other modality to treat patients who did not respond to [[Occupational Therapy]], medication or ongoing psychotherapy. Dr. Hughes became increasingly fascinated with the practice of two Italian physicians who were employing electro-shock therapy on their patients- which alters the chemical balance and response of the brain. AS of 1940, Dr. Hughes began to construct and experiment with his own device for electro-shock therapy. What resulted was a model for all future electro-shock therapy units. By his own admission, Dr. Hughes admitted that this new form of therapy was experimental, but stated that it was never used coercively or unjustly by attending hospital medical staff.<br />
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=== Later Years and Closure: 1959 to 1997 ===<br />
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The Female Department Building on 44th Street was closed in 1959 due to the City of Philadelphia exercising its right of eminent domain of the property. Items from the original building were auctioned off with a frightening degree of haste. Shortly thereafter, the building was demolished to make way for the City's subway and mass transit projects. All patients were moved to the Male Department on 49th Street, which became the exclusive facility for the Institute. A new, five-story "North Building" opened to accommodate the consolidation of departments. Within a decade this building became the site of the area's first inpatient treatment center for adolescent children. It is this stricture that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 15, 1966.<br />
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The Pennsylvania Hospital School of Nursing for Men, founded by Dr. Copp, is dissolved in 1965 after having graduated five hundred and fifty-one men, and trained approximately twelve thousand affiliates during it's 51-year history. Also at this time, 'the School of Nursing for Women', which operates out of the Pennsylvania Hospital's 8th Street facility is also dissolved, and a cooperative school which accepts both male and female students is founded in a coed atmosphere. This school continued exist until 1974, when the nursing school was completely dissolved due to lack of interest. <br />
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In 1969, [[Hall-Mercer]] Community Mental Health and Mental Retardation Center was moved to its own building, as the need for outpatient care greatly expanded in the past five decades. Following talks with University of Pennsylvania Health System, Pennsylvania's Board of Managers elected to merge with the larger health system. It also specified that cost cutting measures were necessary to remain financially viable for the future. In the fall of 1997 it was specified that the 157-year old facility in West Philadelphia would be shut down, as major repairs to their building and equipment would be needed to modernize. However, it was deemed more reasonable to have all psychiatry, psychological and neurological services resume at Pennsylvania Hospital's original campus on 8th street in Center City Philadelphia. However, the structure of the former Institute was still above the city;s code for a medical facility, since the hospital was renovated extensively in 1989. The North building of the former Institute was repurposed in 1998 as the [[Kirkbride Center]]. <br />
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The current psychiatric services of the University of Pennsylvania Health System are divided by several sites within the Philadelphia area. There are two inpatient units at Pennsylvania Hospital, '4-Spruce' containing 24-beds, and '6-Spruce' containing 18-beds. Penn Presbyterian Medical Center also holds two inpatient units, 'Wright 4' containing 18-beds, and 'Wright 5' containing 22-beds. A Psychiatric Emergency Evaluation (PEEC) is also on site at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, which is contracted with the City of Philadelphia to handle 302 commitment petitions.<br />
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== List of Superintendents of the Institute ==<br />
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[[Image:Fischer.jpg|210px|thumb|left|Dr. Fischer, the last head of the Institute]]<br />
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Over the years the particular name of the Institute has changed a number of times, as well as the title of the Chief Operating Officer. The popular title of "Superintendent", which was used by many psychiatric hospitals of the 19th century, was dropped in 1918 and replaced with the more progressive "Psychiatrist-in-Chief", which it remains for the next six decades. The title was split with the resignation of Dr. Myers in 1981. Dr. Fischer was thereafter named as 'Director of Psychiatry', with the now lesser title of Psychiatrist-in-Chief going to Dr. Layton McCurdy, who retained it until the closure of the Institute in 1997.<br />
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The Hospital Superintendent did not exercise total control over the administration and internal hospital policy. Two members of the Board of Managers would visit for inspection every Saturday in 9:30 in the morning. These inspections went on regularly for the 157 years of the hospital's existence.<br />
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* 1) '''[[Thomas Story Kirkbride]]''' - Superintendent of Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, 1840-1883<br />
* 2) '''[[John Chapin]]''' - Superintendent of Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, 1883-1911<br />
* 3) '''[[Owen Copp]]''' - Superintendent of Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, 1911-1922<br />
* 4) '''[[Earl Bond]]''' - Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases at Pennsylvania Hospital, 1922-1935<br />
* 5) '''[[Lauren Smith]]''' - Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases at Pennsylvania Hospital, 1935-1962<br />
* 6) '''J. Martin Myers''' - Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 1962-1981<br />
* 7) '''Newell Fischer''' - Director of Psychiatry of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 1981-1997<br />
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Following the closure of the Institute and the purchase of the hospital, Pennsylvania Hospital's psychiatric services department were joined with that of others in the Department of Psychiatry in the University of Pennsylvania Health System. Many former physicians of the west campus hospital maintain close times with: [[Hall-Mercer]] CMHMR, the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania or Penn Presbyterian Hospital, as well as that of Pennsylvania Hospital proper.<br />
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== Buildings on the Campus ==<br />
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[[File:KirkbridesHouse.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|Former Superintendent's House, as of 2013]]<br />
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=== Campus for the Department of Females ===<br />
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*'''Superintendent's House'''- (1799) this building was originally owned by the Italian Paul Busti, who would later found the city of Buffalo. He called his estate the 'Blockley Retreat Farm' while living there in the early nineteenth century. When Pennsylvania Hospital obtained the property, the building was converted into the residence of the attending Psychiatrist-in-chief of the hospital, for the first 75 years of tehe hospital's existence. Dr. [[Owen Copp]] requested to reside off-campus at 4401 Market street, across from the medical campus proper. The property was eventually sold in 1954 to the city of Philadelphia, who currently maintains it. It is the only remaining building left from the original 1840 hospital, and is currently employed as the 'Lee Center', a cultural center for the Philadelphia Department of Parks and Recreation. <br />
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*'''Female Department'''- (1840) the original structure of the department of the insane, constructed 1838-1841. The [[American Psychiatric Association]] would first meet in this building, and it would remain as the primary administrative building for the Institute for the length of its existence. Additionally, it remained in active clinical use until it was sold by the hospital to the City of Philadelphia in 1954, and subsequently demolished. <br />
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*'''North Flats Building'''- (1841) the first expansion to hospital property, as petitioned by Dr. Kirkbride shortly after the completion of the main hospital building. These units were intended for the more acute cases that could not be treated on an ordinary medical unit. They appear to have been reserved for this purpose until the close of the female department a century later. Demolished in 1954.<br />
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*'''South Flats Building'''- (1841) this building was intended to match the North flats, and was constructed for the same reason, serving the same function throughout its history. Demolished in 1954.<br />
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*'''South Fisher Ward'''- (1868)<br />
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*'''North Fisher Ward'''- (1873)<br />
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*'''Mary Shields Ward'''- (1880)<br />
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*'''Villa House'''- (1888)<br />
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*'''WIlliamson Ward'''- (1893)<br />
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*'''Nurses' Home'''-<br />
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*'''North Occupational Building'''-<br />
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*'''South Occupational Building'''-<br />
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*'''Hospital Auditorium'''- <br />
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*'''Lapsley Pavilion'''- (1922) named for Joseph Lapsley Wilson (?)<br />
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=== Campus for the Department of Males ===<br />
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*'''The Kirkbride Building'''- (1859) previously the main facilities for ''Department for Males'', It has three floors, basement and a sub-basement underneath used for storage. This is the second oldest remaining building on the former campus. The Mill Creek School continues to operate out of the first floor of this building. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) also rented space on the North-end of this structure.<br />
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*'''North Flats Building'''- (1859) this building has a single story over a basement area. It was originally employed for the detention of the most acute psychiatric cases during the 19th century. Sometime before 1922 it was repurposed as employee quarters for the nurses and orderlies of the hospital. BY the 1950's it was again resuited for use a children's wards, probably because of it multiple courtyard. It is currently occupied by the Consortium. <br />
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*'''South Flats Building'''- (1859) this building was identical to the North Flats Building in its original use. However, it continued to remain as patient wards until employee quarters were transferred from the North Flats to the South Flats in the 1950's. It was demolished because of its poor condition following the close of the Institute in 1997.<br />
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*'''Laundry House'''- (1859) originally designed for the single purpose of handling patient laundry. It was demolished in 1957 when a much larger complex of services buildings were constructed.<br />
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*'''Caley House'''- <br />
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*'''Lawler Building'''- (1928) this was designed for administrative offices while the hospital was attempting to modernize in the 1920's. The floors are furnished with marble and granite, and contain large fireplaces with high ceilings with decorative molding and chandeliers. Currently, Baptist Children's Services occupy the second floor. The third floor is occupied by CoreCare’s Westmeade program. CoreCare’s administrative offices are located on the fourth floor which has a fireplace, parquet floors and two sun decks. Traveler’s Aid occupies the basement level with one of its two residential shelter areas. The penthouse contains the mechanical areas including main power and pumps for the chilled water.<br />
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*'''North Building'''- (1957) this structure was erected to replace the former Department for Females which was lost to the City of Philadelphia. It was the most modern section of the hospital during its existence. The North Building is a six-story structure over a basement, and includes CoreCare’s current acute care psychiatric beds for the [[Kirkbride Center]], their Drug & Alcohol Rehabilitation program and additional office area. It is a locked-down, full security area, with limited access to visitors. The basement area is partially occupied by Traveler’s Aid residential shelter as well as mechanical areas, and some administrative offices. The first through sixth floors are identical in layout with patient rooms, nursing stations, activity rooms and offices. <br />
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*'''West Services Building'''-(1957) The West Services Building includes one floor over a basement area, with the first floor utilized currently by CoreCare Food Services to prepare and serve food for the patients of the [[Kirkbride Center]].<br />
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*'''East Services Building'''- (1957) has two floors with some sub-basement storage space. The main power backup and mechanical areas are located here.<br />
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*'''Chiller Building'''- (1989) consists of the main air conditioning chiller and power panels for the campus.<br />
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== Aftermath of the Institute ==<br />
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=== Attempted move to Newtown Square ===<br />
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[[File:Netown.jpeg|250px|thumb|left|The Pennsylvania Hospital mansion in Newtown Square]]<br />
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In 1887, or thereabout, the Board of Managers at Pennsylvania Hospital became acutely aware of the recent urban growth around their West Philadelphia campus, and decided to invest in a potential move for their facility to a site that was still rural and open. This was seen as a necessary clinical development, as all psychiatric hospitals of the time were removed from urban centers, so that they might be best employed as retreats for individuals who suffered from emotional or cognitive disturbances. Slowly properties were purchased to accommodate this move outside of the limits of the city of Philadelphia. 600 acres of farmland were obtained near what is now Newtown Square which was surveyed for potential construction of a new hospital. The site already contained an old mansion house located near West Chester Road on the south, and on the west by the Newtown and Paoli Road. The old mansion was refurbished and altered for the benefit of patients, and approximately eight patients were accepted to that site for ongoing treatment as early as 1890. All patients who were sent to this site were deemed non-acute by their attending physician, and therefore not in need of being on a locked psychiatric unit. This was a peculiar clinical operation, as inpatient psychiatric care had previously only existed in the context of formal hospital or Sanitarium. It is never specified in the surviving records why this move failed to take place, only that it stops being mentioned by hospital administration.<br />
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Following the failure of the move to materialize, the Newtown campus remained open to patients for several decades. Another attempt to explore this transfer as a potential option was made in 1930 by the Board of Managers, but it too never came fully to fruition, mainly due to the economic woes of the Great Depression and a continually declining inpatient hospital census. A cottage plan for this potential campus was drawn up at that time, and continues to remain on file within the Pennsylvania Hospital Library. Female patients continued to be present at this campus for some time afterward, however, males were not kept in residence following a change in internal policy in 1928. A fire of unknown origin destroyed much of the original farmhouse in 1945. Seeing this site as superfluous to the mission of the hospital, a large section of the property was sold off to private owners in 1949. As of 1960 Pennsylvania Hospital continued to own a small fraction of the former site, which was, at the time, totally undeveloped. This building, known as "The Ashley" was located along what is now Ashley Road in Newtown Sqaure.<br />
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=== The Kirkbride Center ===<br />
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[[File:Rehab.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|Kirkbride Center in 2012]]<br />
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Following the closure of the Institute in 1998, three tall housing projects and a multi-purpose social-service facility were built near the grounds of the original 1841 Kirkbride hospital. Other parts of the property were sold for commercial and residential development in 2001, and in the due course of time many historic buildings belonging to the complex were demolished. There are still a number of abandoned structures on the property that are not currently being leased. The primary building of the former Institute was acquired in 1998 by Blackwell Human Services, to which they agreed to pay $700,000 a year for 130,000 square feet at the facility now operated as the Kirkbride Center. The lease agreement is part of a flurry of activity at the 27-acre West Philadelphia campus. As of 2010, the structure remains part of the Blackwell Human Services Corporation, and houses: the West Philadelphia ACES Charter School, Pennsylvania Hospital's Mill Creek School, Philadelphia Health Management Corporation's Adolescent Residential Treatment Center and Traveler's Aid's emergency family shelter. Over the front entrance of the 1959 expansion the engraving 'Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital' remains. The large Victorian dome of Dr. Kirkbride's original hospital, with its elaborate frescoes, is also still standing, but it is in poor condition, as it has not been maintained in several decades.<br />
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The current 'Kirkbride Center' is the area's largest non-hospital inpatient program with 137-beds serving the Philadelphia area; drug and alcohol, long and short term residential, detoxification, and methadone treatment are all available as inpatient services on-site. While the Kirkbride Center still maintains a psychiatric ward, their specialization is significantly relegated to 28-day drug rehabilitation. They do, however, like to celebrate Dr. Kirkbride and his contribution to the development of mental healthcare.<br />
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=== Abandonment ===<br />
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[[File:Auditorum.jpeg|250px|thumb|left|Hospital Auditorium, as seen from the road]]<br />
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Large sections of the former site are now abandoned and have not seen active clinical or professional use since 1997 when operations were shut down. While the campus is still technically owned by the University of Pennsylvania Health System there have been no plans to either restore or demolish the other buildings present on campus at this time. Considering their poor condition, structural age, and the decreased revenue from inpatient psychiatric care it is unlike that they will be re-employed anytime in the near future. Yet, unlike many other sites sentinel to the history of psychiatry and behavioral healthcare, this campus was never greatly damaged by vandals or physically compromised by trespassers with pernicious intentions. The fact that this site has been active since the closure of the original hospital might be a partial deterrent. There have been talks in recent months by Philadelphia city officials to establish a police headquarters in the former Provident Mutual Building, which neighbors the old West Philadelphia campus of the hospital, to help restore and re-gentrify the surrounding neighborhood. However, as of March 2012, this remains in the development stages, as the structure requires massive renovations due to water damage and alterations for its future forensic use. Mayor Michael Nutter has obtained nine million dollars to move forward on the completion of this project, which is currently scheduled for completion in late 2016. Locals in West Philadelphia, and in the region in general, are still familiar with the campus' prior history as the epicenter of American Psychiatry. Yet, there has been no move to commemorate this spot by any state agency, or on behalf of the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. The oldest remaining part of the campus, the former "Male Department" proper, was registered as a US National Historic Landmark in the fall of 1966.<br />
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== Clinical Innovations at the Institute ==<br />
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=== The Mill Creek School ===<br />
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In 1971, the Institute opened up a co-educational school licensed by the state as part of their inpatient adolescent treatment program. Originally known as the "High School of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital" it was renamed in February of 1972. Originally, the school was deemed to be more therapeutic then academic. Teachers placed a strong emphasis on learning a therapeutic activity, rather than the content of the education. However, in more recent years this has shifted substantially, and the Mill Creek School was designed to mirror a traditional high school, without any specification of grades. Students are given a pass/fail grade at the end of every term. Teachers are usually young and able to relate to their students. The school remains active on the hospital grounds, even after the closure of the Institute, educating students who were found less capable in a traditional academic atmosphere. <br />
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=== Specialized Inpatient Units ===<br />
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The Institute opened the region's first inpatient unit exclusively for adolescents in 1974, long before that of its primary competitors in Philadelphia, [[Friends Hospital]] and [[Belmont Behavioral Health]]. A specialized unit for eating disorders was also introduced to the hospital in 1986, when the Institute still lead the nation in the use of modern psychiatric care. While not revolutionary in the modern context, as most psychiatric hospitals have specialized units, this was considered particular for the time period. Also, Pennsylvania Hospital was famous for possessing a unit for 'Experimental Psychiatry', where various studies were conducted on the nature of [[hypnosis]], and hypnotherapy, and its successful use in the course of inpatient care. The majority of these studies were conducted by the Director of the unit, Dr. Martin Orne, starting as early as 1964, in association with the University of Pennsylvania. <br />
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=== Introduction of Psychoanalysis ===<br />
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== The Institute in the News ==<br />
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*[http://articles.philly.com/1996-10-27/business/25663027_1_pennsylvania-hospital-patient-revenues-emergency-room Penna. Hospital Faces Uncertain Fate In Alliance It's Been Independent Since Its Founding In 1751. Now, It Is Being Swept Up In A Surge Of Consolidations.]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1993-06-29/business/25974415_1_premier-hospitals-pennsylvania-hospital-hospital-administrators Penna. Hospital Ends Contract With U.s. Healthcare The Institution Said The HMO's Rates Were Too Low. It Was The Second Cancellation Since 1988.]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1996-10-03/business/25666424_1_hospital-board-institute-patient Pa. Hospital May Sell Psychiatric Institute The Historic Institute Of Pennsylvania Hospital Has Lost Money In The Last 4 Years. Corecare Systems May Buy It.]<br />
*[http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/1998/02/02/story8.html Institute of Penn. Hospital getting a new lease on life]<br />
*[http://www.afanews.com/articles/item/1188-where-history-meets-medicine-antiques-from-the-nations-first-hospital#.Uq1aT7SSrMU Antiques from the nation's first hospital]<br />
*[http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/blog/2564.htm Last cow in Philadelphia]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1997-02-18/business/25534119_1_rare-books-long-term-care-institute Institute Of Pa. Hospital Leaves 156-year-old Site Corecare Will Take Over The West Phila. Property. It Plans A Variety Of Health And Commercial Services]<br />
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== Other Adjacent Hospitals ==<br />
'''Historic Hospitals:'''<br />
*[[Friends Hospital]]<br />
*[[Philadelphia State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Norristown State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Pennsylvania Hospital]]<br />
*[[Philadelphia Almshouse]]<br />
*[[Burn-Brae]]<br />
'''Modern Hospitals:'''<br />
*[[Episcopal Hospital]]<br />
*[[Fairmount Hospital]]<br />
*[[Belmont Behavioral Health]]<br />
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== Images of Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital Image Gallery|Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 08.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 01.jpg<br />
File:IPH FemaleBldg 05.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 02.jpg<br />
File:IPH FemaleBldg 01.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 05.jpg<br />
File:PA Hospital Gym.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 04.jpg<br />
File:IPH FemaleBldg 02.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 07.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 03.jpg<br />
File:IPH FemaleBldg 04.jpg<br />
File:IPH MaleBldg 06.jpg<br />
File:IPH FemaleBldg 03.jpg<br />
File:IPH FemaleVilla.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information == <br />
*[http://www.amazon.com/Art-Asylum-Kirkbride-Psychiatry-Caregiving/dp/0812215397/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212672590&sr=8-1 The Art of Asylum Keeping By Nancy Tomes]<br />
*[http://uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/kirkbride.html About Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride]<br />
*See Philadelphia State Hospital at HistoricAerials.com: [http://www.historicaerials.com/?poi=9073 Male Building] [http://www.historicaerials.com/?poi=9071 Female Building]<br />
*[http://kirkbridecenter.com/ The Kirkbride Center- official website]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/history/kirkbride.html Dr. Kirkbride and his legacy]<br />
*[http://uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/kirkbride.html History of the building of the Kirkbride Center]<br />
*[http://www.psych.org/pnews/98-01-02/hx.html The Institute's contribution to Psychology]<br />
*[http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/finding/iphgeneral.html Timeline of the Institute's development]<br />
*[http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/tkirkbride.html Thomas Kirkbride's Magical Lantern]<br />
*[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/exhbts/inst_pa_hosp/ch2sect3.html History of the property that makes of the former campus of Pennsylvania Hospital]<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=_YVReXjGWGYC&pg=PA186-IA4&lpg=PA186-IA4&dq=department+of+nervous+and+mental+disease+at+pennsylvania+hospital&source=bl&ots=W2Sw2QcBMM&sig=iq5zRXNZUyhaOrR-Xr89y4tjY4I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AzPsUMn3BqPG0QGh6IDQCw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=department%20of%20nervous%20and%20mental%20disease%20at%20pennsylvania%20hospital&f=false History of Pennsylvania Hospital, unabridged]<br />
*[http://www.historicnewtownsquare.org/newtown-square-history/historic-newtown-township/part-iii-chapter-2-the-pennsylvania-hospital-farm/ Article on the Newtown Square Farmhouse]<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=piah0keL_l0C&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22institute+of+the+pennsylvania+hospital%22&source=bl&ots=9u5-JxFkiv&sig=fF6ymrArNybHWd0DWfGdSWLtVqw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=I6ysUqWdPLTNsQSKxoDYDw&ved=0CIEBEOgBMAk4Cg#v=onepage&q=%22institute%20of%20the%20pennsylvania%20hospital%22&f=false History of Pennsylvania Hospital]<br />
*[http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=509&ResourceType=Building National Historic Landmarks- Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital Wikipedia article on the former Institute]<br />
*[http://kirkbridecenter.com/Kirkbride%20Center.pdf Document advertizing the sale of the property]<br />
*[http://web.mit.edu/wplp/course/f96stud/place/stories/lee.htm Lee Cultural Center- former site of the superintendent's home]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pennsylvania]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=South_Carolina_State_Hospital&diff=29841South Carolina State Hospital2015-03-26T15:52:43Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Links & Additional Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = South Carolina State Hospital<br />
| image = Millsold2.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1828 Kirkbride Built in 1858<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1828<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]] <br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]] & [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Robert Mills<br />
| location = Columbia, SC<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*South Carolina Lunatic Asylum<br />
*Columbia State Hospital<br />
*Columbia Area Mental Health Center <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
From the establishment of the South Carolina State Hospital over 175 years ago, to the beginning of community mental health services in the 1920's, to the evolution of a complex mental health care delivery system, South Carolina has achieved an impressive record in its efforts to meet the needs of its mentally ill citizens.<br />
<br />
As far back as 1694 the Lord Proprietors of the Carolinas decreed that the indigent mentally ill should be cared for locally at public expense. In 1751 the colonial government similarly recognized the mental health needs of slaves. In 1762 the Fellowship Society of Charleston established an infirmary for the mentally ill. But it was not until the 1800s that the mental health movement received legislative attention at the state level.<br />
<br />
According to legend, when Colonel Samuel Farrow, a member of the House of Representatives from Spartanburg County, traveled to Columbia to attend sessions of the legislature, he noticed a woman who was mentally distressed and apparently without adequate care. Her poor condition made an impact on him and spurred him on to engage the support of Major William Crafts, a brilliant orator and a member of the Senate from Charleston County.<br />
<br />
The two men worked zealously to sensitize their fellow lawmakers to the needs of the mentally ill, and on December 20, 1821, the South Carolina State Legislature passed a statute-at-large approving $30,000 to build the S.C. Lunatic Asylum and school for the deaf and dumb. This legislation made South Carolina the second state in the nation (after Virginia) to provide funds for the care and treatment of people with mental illnesses.<br />
<br />
Original drawing of the S.C. Lunatic AsylumRobert Mills, a renowned architect, was chosen to design the new S.C. Lunatic Asylum. In 1822 the cornerstone was laid for the Mills Building, which took six years to complete. The building's many innovations included fire-proof ceilings, a central heating system, and one of the country's first roof gardens. South Carolina's asylum was one of the first in the nation built expressly for the mentally ill and funded by a state government.<br />
<br />
Citizens were wary of sending their loved ones to the asylum, and so, it was not until December 12, 1828, that the first patient was admitted. A young woman from Barnwell County, she was accompanied by her mother who worked as a matron while her daughter was a patient at the hospital.<br />
<br />
The hospital admitted patients wealthy enough to pay for their own care, as well as the middle class and paupers. Although a few blacks, mostly slaves, were admitted during the first 20 years, they were not officially permitted until 1848. Despite its innovative architecture, many problems arose within a few years after the asylum opened. Complaints ranged from narrow halls and staircases and small activity rooms to flooding on the ground floor. Another issue was expansion of the asylum grounds.<br />
<br />
By the 1850s, the average patient paid $250 annually. A separate room and eating area cost another $100. Paupers were admitted for an annual fee of $135, which was billed to the patient's home district. As more paupers were admitted, it became harder to collect fees, and the asylum grew more dependent on state funding. Due to the large number of people being admitted land was needed for new buildings and for patient recreation and gardens. Some asylum leaders believed the institution should be moved to the country. Largely because the legislature was unwilling to fund a new complex, it remained at the original location. Land was purchased next to the complex, and more buildings were erected. The headquarters for the South Carolina Department of Mental Health remain on these grounds even today. <br />
<br />
Men and women were housed separately, originally on different floors, but later in separate buildings. When a new building was completed in 1858, male patients moved into it, and the women remained in the Mills Building. Despite the new building, the asylum reached its capacity of 192 by 1860. Many families preferred to care for their mentally ill relatives at home, while others wanted them closer to home even if it were in the county jail or the poor house. Only after the state assumed direct responsibility for all mentally ill in 1871 did county jails readily give up their patients.<br />
<br />
Drawing of Asylum Camp 1864During the Civil War, funding problems grew worse. Dr. John W. Parker, the superintendent, opposed a plan to turn his complex into a prisoner-of-war camp. Although the Confederate Army did not get the asylum, the grounds were used as a prison camp for Union officers from October 1864 to February 1865.<br />
<br />
Despite worsening conditions late in the war, the asylum became a refuge for many Columbia residents when the city burned during Union General William T. Sherman's occupation in February 1865. With dwindling provisions, Parker did his best to provide for his patients and for the destitute citizens. Like the rest of the South, the asylum struggled to survive in the aftermath of the war. Despite the lack of funds, the superintendent accepted more patients and often used his own money to provide them with food and other necessities.<br />
<br />
J.F. Ensor, a Maryland native and former Union Army surgeon, became superintendent in 1870 and tried hard to find adequate funds for the institution. Several citizens from around the state contributed, and he received a $10,000 subscription from some Philadelphia Quakers, which helped repair the buildings. More than once, when local businesses could no longer give him credit, Ensor supplemented the institution's meager budgets with his own funds.<br />
<br />
As the population grew, it became virtually impossible to treat patients. The asylum became largely a dormitory to house the mentally ill. In 1870 Ensor reported that the rundown asylum rooms "were mere cells of chink in the wall, dark and illy ventilated" and that there was not an adequate means of diagnosing patients. These problems were solved to the best of his ability. By 1874 Ensor had added central heating, plumbing, new furniture, pianos and books. While Ensor made some strides in providing for patient's physical needs, overcrowding remained a problem. This accelerated when the state government assumed the cost of patient care from the counties in 1871.<br />
<br />
With slavery abolished, African-Americans became a larger part of the asylum's population. The admission of blacks not only added to the patient population, but led to another problem-providing separate facilities for the races. Temporary structures built before 1860 for blacks desperately needed replacement. Facilities for whites also were overcrowded. While trying to accommodate this population increase, Ensor was forced to cut staff to have funds to buy food and meet other needs. Sometimes this was not enough. Even though the state was now required to pay for patient care, some asylum residents were sent home if they had no money to pay for their care. Nevertheless, the population increased from 245 in 1870 to more than 300 by the time Ensor resigned seven years later.<br />
<br />
Notable changes before 1900 included the founding in 1892 of a nursing school, which did not close until 1950, and changing the hospital's name in 1896 to the S.C. State Hospital for the Insane. Although hospital finances became more stable in the 1880s, the legislature instructed the superintendent to economize wherever he could. While most states were increasing their annual per capita spending, South Carolina was reducing hers. The cost for each patient in 1877 had been $202. It was reduced to $140 by 1888. Nine years later, the per capita rate had fallen to $107.80, one of the lowest in the nation.<br />
<br />
By 1900 the State Hospital had 1,040 patients. More than 30 percent of them died annually, due in part to poor living conditions and inadequate supervision. More facilities were built in the 1870s and 1880s, including two major additions to the buildings constructed in the 1850s northeast of the original Mills Building. However, the population outgrew these by 1900. By 1910, after a legislative committee reported the asylum was too small, land was purchased north of Columbia, and plans were submitted for a new complex that became known as "State Park." When it opened in 1913, it was for black patients only. This hospital, named Palmetto State Hospital in 1963, was renamed Crafts-Farrow State Hospital in 1965 when it became a geriatric facility.<br />
<br />
A legislative study of the asylum in 1909 found many problems, ranging from poor sanitation and dilapidated buildings to situations in which patients lived in unclean quarters or were forced to sleep in corridors. Many of the problems at the state hospital were common to facilities nationwide. Dr. C. Fred Williams, superintendent of the S.C. State Hospital from 1915 to 1945, realized the need for community mental health clinics. He encouraged a program to educate the public about mental illness, its causes and methods of prevention. The first clinic to provide services for the mentally ill who did not need hospitalization was opened at S.C. State Hospital in 1920. The first permanent outpatient clinic opened in Columbia in 1923. The success of this clinic inspired the opening of traveling clinics in Greenville and Spartanburg in 1924. By 1927 clinics were established in Florence, Orangeburg, and Anderson. In 1928 a clinic opened in Charleston with plans for one in Rock Hill.<br />
<br />
World War II came, and doctors, nurses, and social workers went war. The State Hospital staff was depleted, the clinics began to suffer. In early 1943, the Orangeburg and Rock Hill clinics closed for the duration, and on Nov. 1, 1943, Dr. Williams informed all of the clinics that they would be closed for the remainder of the war. Reopening of the clinics was delayed until late 1947 because of a lack of adequately trained personnel. As clinics continued to grow over the state, the need for state and federal funding increased. Help came in 1946 with the passage of Public Law 487 and in 1952 with the passage the Mental Health Act.<br />
<br />
Public Law 487 provided federal funds from the Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service, for adequate mental hygiene clinics. The Mental Health Act provided for a Mental Health Commission to be in charge of all mental health facilities. Communities were required to contribute one third of the cost of clinic or center operation and the state would furnish the remaining two thirds. In the mid-1950s, the discovery of phenothiazines, "miracle drugs" that controlled many severe symptoms of mental illness, made it possible to "unlock" wards. <br />
<br />
By 1957 clinics were in operation in Charleston, Greenville, Richland, Spartanburg, Darlington, and Florence counties. Major functions of theses clinics included: cooperation and consultation with other agencies and professional people in the community; evaluation and treatment of emotional disturbances in adults and children; public education; and training psychiatric and pediatric resident doctors from the Medical College Hospital. In addition to self-referrals, patient referrals to the centers came from physicians, ministers, lawyers, vocational rehabilitation, juvenile and domestic relations courts, and the Department of Public Welfare.<br />
<br />
Two national events in the 1960s helped spur a large-scale relocation of patients with chronic mental illness to communities in South Carolina. First, the introduction of Medicaid and other improvements in the social welfare system underwrote the treatment of patients in their own communities. In 1963, the Federal Community Mental Health Centers Act provided matching federal funds for constructing community mental health centers. In 1964, the S.C. Department of Mental Health was created as an independent agency of state government to develop a more comprehensive system, which combined medical care and treatment with expanded community services, mental health education, consultation, professional training, and research.<br />
<br />
1967 the Columbia Area Mental Health Center became the first comprehensive community mental health center in the Southeast. William S. Hall, M.D., became the first State Commissioner of Mental Health in South Carolina. Under Dr. Hall's enlightened guidance from 1964 to 1985, the agency made significant advances in community care. A comprehensive, statewide mental health care delivery system emerged and grew to encompass 10 major inpatient facilities and 17 community mental health centers providing services in all of the state's 46 counties with more than 6,000 employees.<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, South Carolina experienced a number of firsts. They included the establishment of a transitional living project to help patients return to the community after long hospital stays, a facility for psychiatric patients who need long-term care, a program for autistic children, and an alcohol and drug addiction treatment center. Patient's rights became an issue in the 1970s. The department embraced the movement by creating the position of ombudsman and a system of advocates to protect the rights and privileges of the patients and to serve as an intermediary between patients and the department.<br />
<br />
By the end of the 1970s, the time had come for a renewed emphasis on the care of the chronically mentally ill. A report by The President's Commission of Mental Health in 1978 jump-started the effort. The commission, headed by then-First Lady Rosalyn Carter, for the first time put the care of people with serious mental illnesses on the front burner of federal concerns. Although the 1980s began with great promise for people with mental illnesses, those hopes were short-lived. The 1980 Mental Health Systems Act, which promised new resources and refocused federal support of the care of persons with severe mental illnesses, was effectively repealed by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. The result-federal resources, available as block grants, shrank dramatically.<br />
<br />
In 1983 the S.C. Department of Mental Health adopted a plan calling for the development of community-based services, the decentralization of hospital services, and a significant decrease in the population of its psychiatric facilities in Columbia. Funds were made available through an emergency stabilization plan to any locale that could develop programs to reduce admissions to the central facilities.<br />
<br />
Fiscal restraints led to frustrations on the state level, particularly in funding proper care for patients in the state hospitals. In 1985 a U.S. Justice Department's critique of the S.C. State Hospital said conditions there were "flagrantly unconstitutional." The Justice Department entered into a four-year consent decree with the state of South Carolina in 1986 to provide increased services for all patients.<br />
<br />
Joseph J. Bevilacqua, Ph.D., became the state commissioner of mental health in 1985. Under his leadership, the department supported the view that patients treated in the community do much better clinically. People with mental illnesses need and require close family and community support. They get better faster and stay better longer when they receive services in their community, if such programs are reasonably funded, well organized and easily available.<br />
<br />
In February 1989 the S.C. Department of Mental Health, with support from the National Institute of Mental Health, hosted a national conference entitled "The Role of the Public Mental Hospital in a Community-Based System of Care." The purpose was to explore how other states shifted to community-based services, how they defined priority populations, and how they planned and located services. <br />
<br />
An outcome of this conference was the initiation of the Transition Leadership Council. An unprecedented collaboration between mental health professionals, government, mental health advocates, and consumer representatives, was formed to spearhead the movement of South Carolina's mental health delivery system Towards Local Care.<br />
<br />
The council determined that the services necessary for the successful transition of patients into the state's communities did not exist and needed to be developed. It was also clear that some patients could not be safely discharged into the community and would continue to be cared for in S.C. Department of Mental Health facilities until appropriate services could be created.<br />
<br />
Some communities are struggling to develop community-care programs. They have a shortage of appropriate residences and sometimes face opposition to these from neighborhood residents, have no crisis-care center to handle short-term acute situations, lack employment opportunities, and, particularly in rural areas, lack good basic medical services.<br />
<br />
However, many areas are successfully developing mental health services. An example of the success of the program occurred between May and November 1993 when 127 patients from the S.C. State Hospital and Crafts-Farrow State Hospital moved into seven creative, customized programs in Aiken, Charleston, Columbia, Lexington, Orangeburg, and Sumter. These patients were provided with appropriate residences, medication monitoring, psychiatric and medical services, supportive community services, meaningful activity, and employment assistance.<br />
<br />
In two separate waves of programs from 1992 to 1995, 265 patients were discharged from inpatient facilities to Toward Local Care projects that have a total budget of $4 million. In the first Toward Local Care wave, 193 clients entered the community from hospitals to nine community mental health center programs. In a second wave, 44 clients were discharged to programs in six community mental health centers (Anderson, Charleston/ Dorchester, Columbia, Greenville, Pee Dee and Piedmont).<br />
<br />
Moving more people with mental illness to community treatment has meant reducing the population of the psychiatric hospitals in Columbia. In 1996 the S.C. State Hospital and Crafts-Farrow State Hospital consolidated their services and moved patients from Crafts-Farrow State Hospital to the S.C. State Hospital campus. This consolidation resulted in the organization of the Division of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services comprised of 410 beds. Today entire floors, wards, and cottages on the Columbia campus are closed or are used for administrative offices. In 1995 the S.C. Department of Mental Health served 90,492 clients in its 17 community mental health centers and 13,422 in its five psychiatric hospitals. This brief account of the S.C. Department of Mental Health's illustrious history has only skimmed the surface of a deep and abiding commitment to provide quality services to people with mental illnesses. Others have expressed our commitment and direction more eloquently.<br />
<br />
At a banquet on the occasion of the laying of the Mills Building cornerstone, Col. Levy, vice president of the Lunatic Asylum, offered a toast setting the direction for the state's concern about mental health care, saying, "The Lunatic Asylum-may it long flourish as an asylum for the afflicted and a monument of the humanity and munificence of the people of South Carolina."<br />
<br />
Dr. William S. Hall made the following statements during the 150th anniversary of the S.C. Department of Mental Health, "From a plateau of better understanding and broader knowledge we can look back on early treatment programs with chagrin, but we must remember that, in many cases, such was the extent of knowledge in those times. We honor those men of integrity who first gave us guidance. From them we have accepted the torch of responsibility. I wonder how history will treat us 150 years from now? I hope we will be treated as kindly, with as much compassion, as we view those who preceded us."<br />
<br />
In summary, John A. Morris, interim director, said in 1996, "As mandated in our agency's mission statement, we have formed partnerships with consumers, families and other diverse communities to make sure that all clients who need our services receive them, that they receive state-of-the-art services, and that we provide services in the most efficient and effective manner possible. As you see from this brief history of our agency, there's nothing new to the Department of Mental Health about those concepts. It is our hope that the next century will see continued development of local mental health care and that greater acceptance will allow people with mental illnesses to live with dignity in communities of their choosing." <ref>This information was provided by the May 1996 issue of the South Carolina Department of Mental Health's FOCUS publication and Changing Minds, Opening Doors: A South Carolina Perspective on Mental Health Care. Both of which were written by Susan Craft for the South Carolina Department of Mental Health. [http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/history.htm http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/history.htm]</ref><br />
<br />
== Images of South Carolina State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[South Carolina State Hospital Image Gallery|South Carolina State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Patients3.jpg<br />
File:Firstclinic.jpg<br />
File:Columbia area.jpg<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== Videos ==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/columbia<br />
<br />
<videoflash type="vimeo">24657624</videoflash><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
*Hidden Columbia Series on the hospital: [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=2844&page=index Part 1], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=2931&page=index Part 2], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=3007&page=news Part 3], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=3108&page=news Part 4], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=3272&page=index Part 5]<br />
**Hidden Columbia Alternative Link (see the above videos on Facebook in HD): [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=391033696480&ref=mf Part 1], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=393646651480&ref=mf Part 2], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=394741901480&ref=mf Part 3], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=397341761480&ref=mf Part 4], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=400276771480&ref=mf Part 5]<br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/takecareanna/sets/72157622296422620/ Flickr photo set of the Babcock Building]<br />
*[http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/S10817740004/index.htm Photo set of the Mills Building]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Friends_Hospital&diff=29840Friends Hospital2015-03-26T15:49:51Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Books */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Friends Hospital<br />
| image = Friends.gif<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The Scattergood Building<br />
| established = April 14, 1813<br />
| construction_began = November 11, 1813<br />
| construction_ended = May 15, 1817<br />
| opened = 1817<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania<br />
| architecture_style = Pre-Georgian<br />
| peak_patient_population = 192, current<br />
| alternate_names = Frankford Asylum, The Asylum for Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Friends Hospital''', founded as 'The Asylum for Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason' by the Society of Friends in 1813. It is the United States' first private psychiatric hospital employed exclusively for the treatment of the mentally ill. It has been continuously operating since it first opened its doors, albeit in different buildings. Friends Hospital continues to enjoy a reputation as an excellent inpatient facility, and maintains renown in the national and international psychiatric community for the quality of care received, as well as various academic lecture held on site. In 2000, ''US News and World Report'' ranked Friends Hospital as one of the nation's top psychiatric hospitals, and in 2002 six of Friends Hospitals psychiatrists were named as being the region's "Top Doc's" by Philadelphia Magazine.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Construction ===<br />
<br />
[[image:Seal.jpg|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
In the yearly meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in Philadelphia in 1811, they mandated that a facility should be purchased and maintained for those members who had lost their sensibilities and proper judgment. Much like the Quaker [[York Retreat]], asylum was sought in a country atmosphere. The location that was selected was, at the time, ten miles outside of the city of Philadelphia, and offered a peaceful rural refuge for those afflicted. The Quakers officially established their asylum in 1813, drawing on a belief that all persons could "moral, ordered existence if treated with kindness, dignity, and respect", despite disabilities. The influential Quaker minister, [[Thomas Scattergood]], decried what he considered the harsh conditions faced by patients in mental asylums; Scattergood instead called for the "moral treatment" of patients, which was also advocated by Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]], a physician at [[Pennsylvania Hospital]]. This model served as an inspiration for the establishment of the Friends Asylum for Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason.<br />
<br />
The design and oversight of this project was undertaken by seven primary members: Thomas Scattergood, Emmor Kimber, Jonathan Evans, Thomas Wistar, Ellis Yarnall, Samuel Griffitts and Isaac Bonsall. These original members composed the original mission statement and charter of the asylum; and further divided their clinical intention into six primary points. In their own words they are as follows:<br />
<br />
*1) That, if proper encouragement be given, a sufficient quantity of land be purchased near Philadelphia and a building erected thereon, which may accommodate at least fifty persons.<br />
*2) That the institution be established and supported by legacies, donations and subscriptions, to be promoted amongst Friends. <br />
*3) That any monthly meeting belonging to the Philadelphia yearly meeting contributing $200, and every individual $10 per annum, or $50 at one time, being and continuing a member of this religious society , shall be considered members of the association. <br />
*4) That all annual subscriptions under $10 or sums contributed under $50 shall be considered donations.<br />
*5) That members shall meet annually in Philadelphia on the fourth day preceding the third sixth day of the week; in the third month, and choose from among the subscribers , members of the yearly meeting, twenty persons as a committee to manage all of the affairs of the institution. At these annual meeting a report of last year's proceedings shall be produced by the committee. Every monthly meeting contributing as above shall have the right to appointing an agent, who may appear and act on behalf at these meetings.<br />
*6) That every monthly meeting which has contributed $200 and every individual who has contributed $50 whilst continuing a member of this religious society may recommend one poor patient, at one time, for the lowest terms of admission. <br />
<br />
A 52-acre farm located in Frankford was allocated by the Society of Friends for the new asylum. $6,764 was paid for this lot, which was deemed an exceedingly large amount of money to be paid by a number of members of the committee. Six additional acres were added to this site shortly thereafter. Delegates were also selected from the committee to consult with the [[Quaker York Retreat]] in England, which was only founded two decades prior. The Friends Asylum opened its doors on May 15, 1817, and within the month had accepted two patients, of different sexes, for inpatient care. During the first year of operations nineteen patients were received, many of whom were deemed cured, and returned to their day-to-day life in Philadelphia.<br />
<br />
=== 1813 Mission Statement ===<br />
<br />
To provide for the suitable accommodation of persons who are or may be deprived of the use of their reason and the maintenance of an asylum for their reception, which is intended to furnish, besides requisite medical aid, such tender, sympathetic attention as may soothe their agitated minds, and under the Divine Blessing, facilitate their recovery.<br />
<br />
=== Early Years ===<br />
<br />
The original building, now known as the 'Scattergood Building' was designed to be North facing, and 322 feet high with a stone edifice. It was placed at considerable distance from the public road, which is now Roosevelt Blvd., some five hundred feet. Two wings, 100 feet long, flanking the front of the structure were completed on both sides. However, unlike Kirkbride's plans, they were not intended to discriminate between a clinical population. This building was made fellow to a small adjoining library, as well as a hospital garden, which was perceived as being crucial to the treatment of the insane in the 19th century.<br />
<br />
The asylum was originally purposed for the care and treatment for members of the Society of Friends exclusively. However, with a change in Pennsylvania law, the Board of Managers put it to a vote and elected to remove the sectarian restrictions in 1834. Dr. [[Thomas Story Kirkbride]], the father of American Psychiatry is record as having done his medical residency at Friends Asylum, before going on to found the [[Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]] in 1841.<br />
<br />
As with many asylums, a superintendent's house was constructed on the campus in 1859, for the easy access of medical staff. Likewise, the steward's house was built nearby in 1910. These buildings, Lawnside and Greystone, were operational until recently, until they were re-purposed by the administration of Friends Hospital.<br />
<br />
In 1871, extensive changes were made to the Scattergood building . $20,000 were secured from the Society of Friends for this reason. In this renovation a small bronze plaque was placed along the side of the building to commemorate its history. That plaque is still in place and recounts the founding of the hospital and its prominent Quaker origins. Additionally in this renovation, a mansard roof was placed over the top of the building, as well as a two story extension to the center of the building to accommodate more patients. Admissions to the hospital were temporarily suspended during construction. Another renovation and expansion took place in 1879, where the rear center of the building was fitted for a kitchen. The old kitchen was turned into a storage room and a bakery was constructed in the women's ward. By 1880 the Friends Asylum was able to hold 80 patients at one time.<br />
<br />
Friends Hospital presented a number of innovations in the field. The staff introduced the use of pets for therapeutic recreation in 1830; and in 1889, Dr. Anna Elizabeth Broomall (1847-1931) was appointed at the hospital's first female physician. She was a close associate of Dr. Alice Bennett, the Superintendent of [[Norristown State Hospital]]'s Women's Department. Like many asylums of the period, Friends opened a nursing school in 1894 for the education and certification of students who wished to learn the trade of psychiatric nursing. The first such graduating class was in 1896, of which two were men and four were women. The nursing school was exclusively advocated by Dr. Broomall, which was paralleled by a similar state program at Norristown.<br />
<br />
=== 20th Century ===<br />
<br />
Friends Hospital continued to expand through the early 20th century. In 1905, the Scattergood building was again expanded to accommodate more beds on the male ward. Additionally, reading rooms were constructed on both floor for the recreation of both sexes. This was followed by a modernization of the hospital's culinary department in 1906, as refrigeration and ice units were installed to meet the growing needs of the hospital. Five years latter, the asylum expanded its local property to a total of 100-acres. Friends Asylum also opened a satellite campus after 326 additional acres were aquired in Trevose, PA.<br />
<br />
In 1922, the Hygeia Building was completed, which was originally designed to be used for hydrotherapy. It also housed a small natural science museum, as well as nurses' quarters. The hospital continued to expand with the construction of the Bonsall and Tuke Buildings in 1970, bringing the hospital to it's current capacity of 192-beds. The American Psychological Association further honored Friends Hospital by officially declaring it a training site in 1979. The Greystone program, a crisis residential (CRP) was established the year following for the treatment of low-acuity cases.<br />
<br />
== Superintendents of Friends Hospital ==<br />
<br />
*Isaac Bonsall 1817 to 1823<br />
*Dr. [[Robert H. Chase]] 1893 to 1919<br />
*Dr. Albert C. Buckley 1919 to ?<br />
*Dr. William Camp 1968-1979<br />
*Dr. Joseph Garbely 2009-current<br />
<br />
== Current Hospital ==<br />
<br />
[[image:friends.jpg|300px|right|Friends Hospital, circa 2010]]<br />
<br />
A leader in behavioral health care, Friends offers a system of comprehensive programs and services to people suffering from behavioral and emotional health problems. With 192 beds, Friends is the Delaware Valley's largest provider of inpatient behavioral health services, providing individualized programs for adolescents, adults, older adults and eating disorders. We have specialized programs for Women's Issues and Dual Diagnosis (mental health/substance abuse). Friends Hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and licensed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Friends Hospital is currently owned by: United Healthcare Services, which also locally operated: [[Brooke Glen Hospital]] and the [[Horsham Clinic]]. Friends Hospital is contracted through the County of Philadelphia, as well as Community Behavioral Health, to accept 302 commitment petitions.<br />
<br />
The many surviving historic buildings at Friends Hospital are sited on a large campus located off Roosevelt Boulevard just below Oxford Circle. Despite the growth of the city of Philadelphia, the campus represents a rural oasis in otherwise urban Northeast Philadelphia. Extensive historical landscaping, including renowned azalea gardens (open to the public), are also included in the "National Historic Landmark" designation of Friends Hospital.<br />
<br />
=== Greystone Program at Friends Hospital ===<br />
<br />
Located on the grounds of the Friends Hospital, the Greystone Program is a long-term community residence designed to meet the special needs for individuals with severe and persistent mental illnesses. Consisting of two houses, Greystone House and Hillside House, the program is dedicated to helping its residents move toward recovery, greater independence, and an enhanced quality of life. The Greystone Program emphasizes the development of skills of daily living, socialization, purposeful activity, and recovery enables residents to realize their dignity, worth and highest individual potential. Many residents have chosen to make the Greystone Program their permanent home while other will successfully transition to a less structured environment.<br />
<br />
== Friends Hospital in the News ==<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2010-07-22/news/24968875_1_magellan-health-services-magellan-officials-friends-hospital Health network drops Friends Hospital]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2010-10-25/news/24952492_1_documents-psychiatric-solutions-subpoena-last-week Philadelphia Health Facility Documents Subpoenaed]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1988-04-03/news/26252005_1_friends-hospital-retreat-patients-and-staff Friends Hospital marks its 175th birthday]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1988-03-20/news/26280001_1_flowering-cherries-azalea-plant-friends-hospital Friends Hospital Seeks Photos of its gardens in their early days]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2010-08-12/news/24970304_1_friends-hospital-psychiatric-solutions-magellan-health-services Magellan Health Services restores Friends Hospital to network]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2010-05-09/news/24959993_1_quaker-values-medical-aid-friends-hospital Memory stream dipping into Philadelphia's illustrated past]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-10/news/25591295_1_friends-hospital-weeds-mental-health Friends of hospital chip in with cleanup in wake of cuts]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2009-09-04/news/25268281_1_medicaid-patients-friends-hospital-patient-population Friends Hospital gets new chief executive Kenneth Glass, 44]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2009-05-25/news/25274943_1_suicidal-woman-friends-hospital-philadelphia-police Suicidal Woman sought in Phila.]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2009-05-22/news/25273500_1_inpatient-unit-emergency-psychiatric-cases-suicide-attempts Referral to Friends Hospital restricted]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2009-06-23/news/25286288_1_emergency-room-psychiatric-hospitals-troubled-hospital Troubled Hospital Replaces its CEO]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1991-05-23/news/25797855_1_flowers-friends-hospital-horticultural-therapy Flowers made her blossom Friends Hospital]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-19/business/26228106_1_mental-patient-state-mental-hospital-hospital-grounds Luxury Care Offered for Mentally Ill but Friends' Plan has its detractors]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1994-02-25/news/25859382_1_auditions-founding-father-birthday Will the Real William Penn]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1994-05-09/news/25828987_1_food-festival-landscaping-plant-clinic Contests and Flowers are grounds for fun]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1999-03-25/business/25510097_1_satellite-offices-friends-hospital-patient-base Psychiatric Hospital in many places at once]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/1987-09-06/news/26212124_1_friends-hospital-hospital-grounds-david-liddle Hospital wants to build home]<br />
*[http://articles.philly.com/2003-02-01/business/25450920_1_electroconvulsive-therapy-shock-therapy-friends-hospital Shock therapy to end at Friends saying it afford the cost past Friday as insurance payments fall]<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
<br />
An Account of the Events Surrounding the Origin of Friends Hospital and a Brief Description of the Early Years of Friends Asylum, 1817-1820, Van Atta, Kim; Friends Hospital (1976) <br />
<br />
The Asylum - The History of Friends Hospital and the Quaker Contribution to Psychiatry, Friends Hospital (1994) <br />
<br />
Founding Friends - Families, Staff, and Patients at the Friends Asylum in Early Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia, D' Antonio, Patricia, Lehigh University Press (2006)<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
== Other Historic Adjacent Facilities ==<br />
<br />
*[[Philadelphia Almshouse]]<br />
*[[Trenton State Hospital]]<br />
*[[U.S. Naval Asylum and Hospital]]<br />
*[[Pennsylvania Hospital]]<br />
*[[Philadelphia State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Horsham Clinic]]<br />
*[[Brooke Glen Hospital]]<br />
*[[Norristown State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Episcopal Hospital]]<br />
*[[Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]]<br />
'''At least three sisters facilities existed, all founded by retired physicians'''<br />
*[[Wood Lea Sanitarium]]<br />
*[[Inwood Sanitarium]]<br />
*[[Convalescents Retreat]]<br />
<br />
== Images of Friends Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Friends Hospital Image Gallery|Friends Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Friends hospital2.jpg<br />
File:Friends Aylum WebEdit V2.jpg<br />
File:Friends Aylum2 WebEdit.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information == <br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=aPssAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q=&f=false A detailed history of the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.friendshospital.com/index.htm Official Friends Hospital Website]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Hospital Friends Hospital on Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/pa/friends.pdf Friends Hospital's Nomination for National Landmark Status]<br />
*[http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/aids/friendshosp/friendshosp975.pdf Friends Hospitals Records through Haverford College]<br />
*[http://frankfordgazette.com/2010/01/15/aerial-photos-of-friends-hospital/ Aerial Photos of Friends Hospital]<br />
*[http://www.greystoneprogram.org/ The Greystone Program]<br />
*[http://fhabuse.org/ A Protester of Friends Hospital]<br />
*[http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/aids/friendshosp/friendshosp975.pdf Timeline of Friends Hospital]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pennsylvania]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Eastern_State_Hospital&diff=29839Eastern State Hospital2015-03-26T15:45:09Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Kentucky, [[Eastern State Hospital Lexington|click here]]</div> <br />
<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Oklahoma, [[Vinta State Hospital|click here]]</div><br />
<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Washington, [[Eastern Washington State Hospital|click here]]</div> <!-- Please keep this at the very top of the page and also please do not change or remove this, thanks! --><br />
{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| image = Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1773.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1771<br />
| construction_began = 1773/1935(Current location) <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]] (Original)<br>[[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Public Hospital For Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds<br />
*Eastern Lunatic Asylum <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1771, contractor Benjamin Powell was appointed to began construction on the public hospital. The public hospital was a two-story brick building south of Francis Street. A fire in 1885 destroyed the original 1773 hospital building, which included a central hall leading to the keeper's quarters and the patient cells. A central staircase led to the room in which the court of directors held their meetings, as well as to more patient accommodations. Before he was finished, Powell was also directed to add outdoor "yards for patients to walk and take the Air in" and to "put a fence around the lot." The first patient was admitted to the public hospital on October 12th, 1773. The hospital's maximum capacity was 24 patients, a number that was not reached until the early 1800s.<br />
<br />
The public hospital showed aspects of both jail and infirmary in its design, expressing the increasing fear of social deviants occurring at that time. There were three people originally staffing the public hospital: a keeper, a matron (for female patients), a physician, and a few slaves to care for the daily upkeep of the hospital and its patients. The keeper of the hospital was James Galt, and his wife was the hospital matron.<br />
<br />
In 1841, the name of the public hospital was changed from The Public Hospital For Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds to Eastern Lunatic Asylum, carrying with it the connotations of a sanctuary for the mentally ill. Also in that year, a third story was added onto the main building. The gaol-like positions of superintendent and matron were replaced with the position of superintendent. The superintendent was a resident, full-time doctor and head administrator to the hospital. The superintendent in 1841 was John Minson Galt II, who made sweeping changes in the management and care of patients. At his death in May of 1862, the hospital housed between 200 and 300 patients in its 7 buildings.<br />
<br />
In the 1850s, Superintendent Galt suggested a day-patient approach similar to the town of Geel (present-day Germany), where patients went into town and interacted with the community during the day and returned to the hospital at night to sleep. The Court of Directors rejected this proposal. The idea was a century ahead of its time and re-emerged as de-institutionalization in the 1900s. However, Dr. Galt did carry out an experiment with de-institutionalization in Williamsburg that lasted for a decade. Convalescing patients who behaved well and had good self-control (approximately half of the 280 patients at the time), had the freedom of the town at all times during the day. The townspeople were also encouraged to visit and socialize with patients still confined to the hospital grounds. Many of these changes were a part of a new era called "moral management," brought about due to a change in social perception of mental illness.<br />
<br />
Many changes to Eastern State Asylum occurred at this time. The asylum, as well as the surrounding area, was captured by Union troops on May 6th of 1862. John Minson Galt II, superintendent for 21 years, also died that month. With the capture of the city, all but one of the white attendants had fled. The 252 patients had been left, locked in their apartments to starve. The remaining attendant, Sommersett Moore, handed the keys to the hospital to the Union army and saved the lives of the patients.<br />
<br />
A great many changes occurred during the next 23 years, to both the administration of the hospital, and to the size of its population. Superintendents did not always have the full support of their staff or the Court of Directors, and the hospital did not always receive adequate financial support. In 1876, fire destroyed one of the asylum buildings. One superintendent, Dr. Harvey Black, was inspired by Dr. Galt's manuscripts to try and deinstitutionalize some of the 400+ patients at the hospital in the late 1880s. He was fired by the court of Directors and replaced by Dr. Richard Wise, whose goal was to find space within Eastern State Asylum for as many "unfortunates" as possible. Under his supervision, the population of the hospital rose from 323 to 447 patients. At this time, there were 10 buildings on the Eastern State Asylum property. A few of the therapeutic activities introduce by Galt still continued, but for the most part the hospital became a long-term care facility for the chronically ill.<br />
<br />
After the Civil War, there was an increasing lack of confidence in the ability of science to cure mental illness. Though mental illness was believed to be hereditary or of physical nature, the problem of its cure defied scientific solution. The hospital became crowded with the chronically mentally ill, and the number of patients successfully cured declined. Admission to the hospital was on a first-come, first-serve basis, regardless of chances for successful treatment. During the era of custodial care, the goal became not to cure mental illness, but to provide a comfortable environment for the mentally ill, separate from society. Recreational activities such as dances, steamboat excursions, and tea parties were offered to patients, as well as magic lanterns, a stereopticon viewer, and checkerboards. The use of restraints, in the forms of straight-jackets and Utica cribs (mesh boxes to confine the violent and unruly), were also reintroduced during this time.<br />
<br />
On June 7th in 1885 on a Sunday evening, a fire destroyed the original 1773 hospital building. The nearest fire engine at the time was in Richmond, some 50 miles away. Students from the nearby College of William and Mary came to the assistance of the hospital staff to help put out the fire. By the time the fire was out, five other buildings in the asylum complex had burned down. The fire left two patients missing (presumed dead) and 224 other patients displaced. Electrical wiring for lighting, one of the improvements made to Eastern State Asylum during the superintendence of James D. Moncure, was suspected of sparking the blaze.<br />
<br />
In 1894 the hospital was renamed from Eastern Lunatic Asylum to Eastern State Hospital. By 1935 Eastern State Hospital housed some 2000 patients with no more land for expansion. The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg and the Williamsburg Inn surrounded the facility with a thriving tourist trade. A proposal was made to move the hospital to Dunbar Farms, located west of the city on Ironbound Road. The first care buildings at Dunbar were constructed and inhabited in 1937. The Dunbar Farm land is where Eastern State Hospital stands to this day.<br />
<br />
Treatment of patients also changed during this time, as effective psychiatric drugs for the treatment of mental illness became available after World War II. The idea of community-based care, a version of which was proposed by Dr. Galt a century prior, was carried out in the 1960s under the name of deinstitutionalization. To learn more about the current treatments available at Eastern State Hospital, click here or return to the homepage to browse.<br />
<br />
When the move from Francis Street to Dunbar Farms was completed in 1960, the old asylum complex was razed. In 1972 the original public hospital building was excavated. The debris from the 1885 fire had merely been shoveled into the remaining foundations, and various small items such as glass were recovered. In 1979, Colonial Williamsburg received approval to reconstruct the old hospital building, which was opened to the public in June of 1985. Today, the reconstructed building houses a public hospital exhibit, staff offices, and serves as an entrance to the DeWitt? Wallace Decorative Arts Museum.<ref>[http://www.bipolarworld.net/Bipolar%20Disorder/History/hist5.htm http://www.bipolarworld.net/Bipolar%20Disorder/History/hist5.htm]</ref><br />
<br />
== Images of Eastern State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Eastern State Hospital Image Gallery|Eastern State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1773.jpg<br />
File:Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1884.jpg<br />
File:Administration2.JPG<br />
File:Builing11.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
The Eastern State Hospital Cemetery is but a short distance from the original Hospital location. Patients who died were buried here, but all were laid to rest on unmarked graves, thus the cemetery for the most part is just a piece of well kept land. It has wrought fence on the front of the cemetery, and immediately upon entering the gate there is a monument area that was erected in 1986, consisting of five granite stones with the theme "CELEBRATING THEIR DIGNITY". <br />
<br />
The following words are inscribed in one of them:"We erect this monument in memory of those persons whom we have known, loved and served through the years. While living they knew the suffering of inner pain, confusion and despair. Now they are at peace in the hands of God where no torment will ever touch them again".<br />
<br />
On the other four stones, the names of all laid to rest are inscribed, over 1,200. They are not alphabetized nor does it show any dates. There are only about half a dozen old stone markers in the cemetery, and on the last few years, simple stones with names and dates are noted by the fence area.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Virginia]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Eastern_State_Hospital&diff=29838Eastern State Hospital2015-03-26T15:44:29Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Kentucky, [[Eastern State Hospital Lexington|click here]]</div> <br />
<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Oklahoma, [[Vinta State Hospital|click here]]</div><br />
<div style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;">If you were looking for Eastern State Hospital in Washington, [[Eastern Washington State Hospital|click here]]</div> <!-- Please keep this at the very top of the page and also please do not change or remove this, thanks! --><br />
{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| image = Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1773.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Eastern State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1771<br />
| construction_began = 1773/1935(Current location) <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]] (Original)<br>[[Cottage Planned Institutions|Cottage Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) =<br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Public Hospital For Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds<br />
*Eastern Lunatic Asylum <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1771, contractor Benjamin Powell was appointed to began construction on the public hospital. The public hospital was a two-story brick building south of Francis Street. A fire in 1885 destroyed the original 1773 hospital building, which included a central hall leading to the keeper's quarters and the patient cells. A central staircase led to the room in which the court of directors held their meetings, as well as to more patient accommodations. Before he was finished, Powell was also directed to add outdoor "yards for patients to walk and take the Air in" and to "put a fence around the lot." The first patient was admitted to the public hospital on October 12th, 1773. The hospital's maximum capacity was 24 patients, a number that was not reached until the early 1800s.<br />
<br />
The public hospital showed aspects of both jail and infirmary in its design, expressing the increasing fear of social deviants occurring at that time. There were three people originally staffing the public hospital: a keeper, a matron (for female patients), a physician, and a few slaves to care for the daily upkeep of the hospital and its patients. The keeper of the hospital was James Galt, and his wife was the hospital matron.<br />
<br />
In 1841, the name of the public hospital was changed from The Public Hospital For Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds to Eastern Lunatic Asylum, carrying with it the connotations of a sanctuary for the mentally ill. Also in that year, a third story was added onto the main building. The gaol-like positions of superintendent and matron were replaced with the position of superintendent. The superintendent was a resident, full-time doctor and head administrator to the hospital. The superintendent in 1841 was John Minson Galt II, who made sweeping changes in the management and care of patients. At his death in May of 1862, the hospital housed between 200 and 300 patients in its 7 buildings.<br />
<br />
In the 1850s, Superintendent Galt suggested a day-patient approach similar to the town of Geel (present-day Germany), where patients went into town and interacted with the community during the day and returned to the hospital at night to sleep. The Court of Directors rejected this proposal. The idea was a century ahead of its time and re-emerged as de-institutionalization in the 1900s. However, Dr. Galt did carry out an experiment with de-institutionalization in Williamsburg that lasted for a decade. Convalescing patients who behaved well and had good self-control (approximately half of the 280 patients at the time), had the freedom of the town at all times during the day. The townspeople were also encouraged to visit and socialize with patients still confined to the hospital grounds. Many of these changes were a part of a new era called "moral management," brought about due to a change in social perception of mental illness.<br />
<br />
Many changes to Eastern State Asylum occurred at this time. The asylum, as well as the surrounding area, was captured by Union troops on May 6th of 1862. John Minson Galt II, superintendent for 21 years, also died that month. With the capture of the city, all but one of the white attendants had fled. The 252 patients had been left, locked in their apartments to starve. The remaining attendant, Sommersett Moore, handed the keys to the hospital to the Union army and saved the lives of the patients.<br />
<br />
A great many changes occurred during the next 23 years, to both the administration of the hospital, and to the size of its population. Superintendents did not always have the full support of their staff or the Court of Directors, and the hospital did not always receive adequate financial support. In 1876, fire destroyed one of the asylum buildings. One superintendent, Dr. Harvey Black, was inspired by Dr. Galt's manuscripts to try and deinstitutionalize some of the 400+ patients at the hospital in the late 1880s. He was fired by the court of Directors and replaced by Dr. Richard Wise, whose goal was to find space within Eastern State Asylum for as many "unfortunates" as possible. Under his supervision, the population of the hospital rose from 323 to 447 patients. At this time, there were 10 buildings on the Eastern State Asylum property. A few of the therapeutic activities introduce by Galt still continued, but for the most part the hospital became a long-term care facility for the chronically ill.<br />
<br />
After the Civil War, there was an increasing lack of confidence in the ability of science to cure mental illness. Though mental illness was believed to be hereditary or of physical nature, the problem of its cure defied scientific solution. The hospital became crowded with the chronically mentally ill, and the number of patients successfully cured declined. Admission to the hospital was on a first-come, first-serve basis, regardless of chances for successful treatment. During the era of custodial care, the goal became not to cure mental illness, but to provide a comfortable environment for the mentally ill, separate from society. Recreational activities such as dances, steamboat excursions, and tea parties were offered to patients, as well as magic lanterns, a stereopticon viewer, and checkerboards. The use of restraints, in the forms of straight-jackets and Utica cribs (mesh boxes to confine the violent and unruly), were also reintroduced during this time.<br />
<br />
On June 7th in 1885 on a Sunday evening, a fire destroyed the original 1773 hospital building. The nearest fire engine at the time was in Richmond, some 50 miles away. Students from the nearby College of William and Mary came to the assistance of the hospital staff to help put out the fire. By the time the fire was out, five other buildings in the asylum complex had burned down. The fire left two patients missing (presumed dead) and 224 other patients displaced. Electrical wiring for lighting, one of the improvements made to Eastern State Asylum during the superintendence of James D. Moncure, was suspected of sparking the blaze.<br />
<br />
In 1894 the hospital was renamed from Eastern Lunatic Asylum to Eastern State Hospital. By 1935 Eastern State Hospital housed some 2000 patients with no more land for expansion. The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg and the Williamsburg Inn surrounded the facility with a thriving tourist trade. A proposal was made to move the hospital to Dunbar Farms, located west of the city on Ironbound Road. The first care buildings at Dunbar were constructed and inhabited in 1937. The Dunbar Farm land is where Eastern State Hospital stands to this day.<br />
<br />
Treatment of patients also changed during this time, as effective psychiatric drugs for the treatment of mental illness became available after World War II. The idea of community-based care, a version of which was proposed by Dr. Galt a century prior, was carried out in the 1960s under the name of deinstitutionalization. To learn more about the current treatments available at Eastern State Hospital, click here or return to the homepage to browse.<br />
<br />
When the move from Francis Street to Dunbar Farms was completed in 1960, the old asylum complex was razed. In 1972 the original public hospital building was excavated. The debris from the 1885 fire had merely been shoveled into the remaining foundations, and various small items such as glass were recovered. In 1979, Colonial Williamsburg received approval to reconstruct the old hospital building, which was opened to the public in June of 1985. Today, the reconstructed building houses a public hospital exhibit, staff offices, and serves as an entrance to the DeWitt? Wallace Decorative Arts Museum.<ref>[http://www.bipolarworld.net/Bipolar%20Disorder/History/hist5.htm http://www.bipolarworld.net/Bipolar%20Disorder/History/hist5.htm]</ref><br />
<br />
== Images of Eastern State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Eastern State Hospital Image Gallery|Eastern State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1773.jpg<br />
File:Virginia Eastern Lunatic Asylum 1884.jpg<br />
File:Administration2.JPG<br />
File:Builing11.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Cemetery==<br />
The Eastern State Hospital Cemetery is but a short distance from the original Hospital location. Patients who died were buried here, but all were laid to rest on unmarked graves, thus the cemetery for the most part is just a piece of well kept land. It has wrought fence on the front of the cemetery, and immediately upon entering the gate there is a monument area that was erected in 1986, consisting of five granite stones with the theme "CELEBRATING THEIR DIGNITY". <br />
<br />
The following words are inscribed in one of them:"We erect this monument in memory of those persons whom we have known, loved and served through the years. While living they knew the suffering of inner pain, confusion and despair. Now they are at peace in the hands of God where no torment will ever touch them again".<br />
<br />
On the other four stones, the names of all laid to rest are inscribed, over 1,200. They are not alphabetized nor does it show any dates. There are only about half a dozen old stone markers in the cemetery, and on the last few years, simple stones with names and dates are noted by the fence area.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Virginia]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Cottage Plan]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>L-Leichtmanhttp://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Hospital&diff=29837Pennsylvania Hospital2015-03-26T15:39:00Z<p>L-Leichtman: /* Additional Information & Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Pennsylvania Hospital<br />
| image = Penna Hospital 14.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established = May 11, 1751 <br />
| construction_began = 1752 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1752<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Single Building Institutions|Single Building]]<br />
| architect(s) = Samuel Rhoads / David Evans Jr.<br />
| location = Philadelphia, PA <br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population = 562 in August 1987 <br />
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[[image:Penna Hospital 13.jpg|300px|left]]<br />
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'''Pennsylvania Hospital''' was founded, in what is now Southeastern Philadelphia, on May 11, 1751 by founding father Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond, as the first medical hospital in the United States of America. New York Hospital in Manhattan would take the honor of being the second of such hospitals. Pennsylvania Hospital, also known as "Pennsy" locally, continues to treat both somatic medical conditions as well as an array of psychiatric disorders. It is also home to the first surgical amphitheater and first medical library for public use in the Americas. It has been continuously active for clinical purposes since its initial opening some three centuries ago, and is now affiliated with the much larger University of Pennsylvania Health System, which services the greater Philadelphia area. It should not be confused with the [[Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]], which was a facility in West Philadelphia employed as a psychiatric annex of the primary medical campus of Pennsylvania Hospital. The seal of the hospital, chosen by Franklin and Bond themselves, incorporates the biblical parable of the Good Samaritan and the employs the phrase "Take Care of Him and I will repay Thee" (Luke 10:35) taken from the New Testament.<br />
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== Founding ==<br />
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In 1752, the first temporary building was opened on High (now Market) Street in Philadelphia for the treatment of the ill in Philadelphia. Elizabeth Gardner, a Quaker widow well known in the city, was appointed it's Matron. Prior to this time, medical treatment was reserved to private doctor visits to houses regional, no such professional medical facility had been established in colonial America. Much of the original funding for the site and its maintenance came from the Society of Friends, better known as the 'Quakers', who stressed the importance of public facilities in the young city.<br />
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In 1755, the cornerstone was laid for the East Wing of what would become the hospital's permanent location at 8th and Pine Streets. Patients were first admitted to the permanent hospital in 1756. The site continued to grow through the years with the addition of more wings, such as the West Wing of the building which was built in 1796. In 1762, the first book for the hospital's medical library was donated by John Fothergill, a British friend of Benjamin Franklin. In 1847, the American Medical Association designated the library as the first, largest, and most important medical library in the United States. The collection now contains over 13,000 volumes dating back to the 15th century--including medical and scientific volumes as well as books on natural history. The library includes the nation's most complete collection of medical books published between 1750 and 1850. The collection also contains several incunabula, books written before 1501, when the printed process was invented.<br />
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The top floor of Pennsylvania Hospital is the home of the nation's oldest surgical amphitheater. The amphitheater served as the operating room from 1804 through 1868. Surgeries were performed on sunny days between 11:00 am and 2:00 pm since there was no electricity at the time. The surgical amphitheater seats 180 and with those standing, up to 300 people might be present during any given surgical operation. It is open to the public for tours at certain hours of the weekday.<br />
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The Physic Garden is the jewel in the crown that makes up the greater part of the grounds of Pennsylvania Hospital gardens. The Board of Managers first proposed the Physic Garden in 1774, to provide physicians with ingredients for their prescribed medications. The idea was approved, but financial circumstances intervened and the project was delayed for two centuries. In 1976, the planting of the garden was the bicentennial project of the Philadelphia Committee of the Garden Club of America and the Friends of Pennsylvania Hospital. Located in front of the Pine Building's West Wing, the garden has plants that were used for medicines in the 18th century. Once used to stimulate the heart, ease toothaches, relieve indigestion and cleanse wounds, now their shaded respite provides healing of a more spiritual kind for patients and visitors alike.<br />
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Pennsylvania Hospital gained a reputation as a center of innovation and medical advancement, particularly in the area of maternity. In its early years it was also known for its particularly advanced and humane facilities for mentally ill patients at a time when mental illness was very poorly understood and patients were often treated very badly.<br />
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In 1950 Pennsylvania Hospital was recognized for becoming more highly specialized as it established, in addition to its sophisticated maternity programs, an intensive care unit for neurological patients, a coronary care unit, an orthopedic institute, a diabetes center, a hospice, specialized units in oncology and urology and broadened surgical programs.<br />
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The hospital was also a center through the years for treating the war wounded. Patients were brought to the hospital for treatment in the Revolutionary War, the American Civil War and the Spanish American War, and units from the hospital were sent abroad to treat wounded in World War I and in World War II (to the Pacific theater).<br />
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== Famous Staff ==<br />
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[[File:Rush.png|200px|thumb|right|Effects of spirituous liquors by Dr. Benjamin Rush, circa 1790]]<br />
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*'''[[Benjamin Rush]]''' (1746-1813), who remained on the hospital staff from 1783 until 1813. Dr. Rush was a medical doctor, alienist, social reformer and signer of the Declaration of Independence. His family home in Byberry, PA stands adjacent to the former [[Philadelphia State Hospital]]. In 1812, Dr. Rush published the first textbook on the subject in the United States, 'Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind'. He undertook to classify different forms of mental illness to theorize as to their causes and possible cures. Like many physicians at the time, Rush believed that many mental illnesses were caused by disruptions of the blood circulation, and treated them with devices meant to improve circulation to the brain, such as a restraining chair and a centrifugal spinning board. While Dr. Rush was uncertain what to do clinical for the mentally ill, he knew that chains and dungeons were not the answer. He took patients from that drudgery and placed them in a regular medical hospital setting. For this reason his approach is officially referred to as the 'Moral Therapy'. In honor of his service to the field of mental health care, the American Psychiatric Association uses Dr. Rush's image as part of their seal,as he is often regarding as the father of American Psychiatry, along side of Dr. Thomas Kirkbride.<br />
*'''Philip Syng Physick''' (1768-1837), who remained on hospital staff 1794 until 1816. He achieved fame through his surgical prowess, but had little to contribute to the field of psychiatry. He became a surgeon for many famous Americans through the 18th and 19th centuries.<br />
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== History of the South Philadelphia Campus: 1752-1840 == <br />
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=== Early Psychiatric Treatment ===<br />
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When Pennsylvania Hospital was originally envisioned by its founders, their concerns were two fold. First, that the public health could be preserved through a public facility to aid the poor and sickly within Philadelphia itself. Secondly, that the issue of the city's growing [[Lunatick]] population could be addressed through a medical resolution to hospitalized those so afflicted. Of the first six patients brought in for inpatient care, four of them were being treated for "diseases of the mind". For much of its early history, the hospital maintained a patient census that was one-third psychiatric, something that was unthinkable in contrast to European hospitals of the time. However, much like it's European counterparts, Pennsylvania hospital housed much of its early psychiatric patients in the cellar, in conditions that have been described as "damp and unwholesome". It was customary clinical procedure at that time to chain patients to the wall as a preventative measure. Many of these chains are currently on display in the museum present on the grounds of the modern Pennsylvania Hospital. <br />
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Conditions, as reported, were poor at best, and many of those who were received at the hospital for this type of treatment inevitably succumb to pulmonary disease. In 1758, two male patient succeeded in parting the iron bars of their cells, and escaped into the Philadelphia night. They accomplished this seven times before significant alterations were made to prevent their reoccurring elopement. Escapes were common in this early period, and moreover, often prompted by the poor conditions of the psychiatric ward. In August of 1773, seven elopements were recorded alone. Following careful consideration, the Board of Manager of Pennsylvania Hospital stated that they would permit wealthier patients to have private quarters, that would be clean and removed from the general public. This they offered for an additional fee of ten dollars per week. Private orderlies were also available upon the request of the patient or the patient's family. The general psychiatric unit, however, remained unaltered by this decision. This feature of private, specialized care for the affluent and powerful would remain a special feature of the Department of Psychiatry within Pennsylvania Hospital until 1997. <br />
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=== Lunaticks as a public curiosity ===<br />
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For many centuries prior, in France and England in particular, incarcerated [[Lunaticks]] were regarded as somewhat of an amusement by local denizens, who frequently would laugh and jeer at them behind their bars. This was also the case of Pennsylvania Hospital during the 18th century, and their are many reports of local residents agitating those confined and hurling insults at them from the street. In 1763, this problem was alleviated when a hatch door was installed leading from the street to the 'lunatick ward'. Admission was offered for the price of four pence to help offset the clinical expenses of running the hospital and its various charity cases. This practice continued for an unspecified amount of time. It was still in place in 1784, when the resident alienists stated that firmer regulations should be put on hospital visitors, as they discovered that this practice in many cases further exacerbated patients' conditions. Public visitation was limited to two persons at a time, and they are to "go into the cells and those persons to be attended by the cell keeper, and not suffered to speak with such patients." This perspective of psychiatric patients as being sub-human, while out of place in modernity, was part of the zeitgeist of that age. The ability to reason, and have possession of one's one reason, was considered the acid test of humanity. Those who ignored, violated, or were otherwise unable to come to their senses by their own volition were therefore deemed to be outside humanity. <br />
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Some of the patients would rise to become local celebrities within Philadelphia itself during the 18th century. One such patient, only known to history as the "lunatic hermit", who was a "remarkably neat and tidy sailor". He was admitted in 1765, during which time he actively fought with patients and staff alike, refusing to sleep in his room. He eloped into the cupola over the east wing on the hospital, where he demanded to take up residence. The tired and frustrated staff yielded to this demand, and he remained a permit resident of the cupola for the next ten years, until her died in 1774. The local residents often spoke of the stranger, who paced the cupola with his long fingernails and matted beard. <br />
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=== Shifting clinical population ===<br />
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Within its first thirty years as a public institution, the demographics of the hospital changed considerably. By the close of the American Revolution the greater majority of the patients were committed as Lunaticks, rather than for a medical illness. The reason for this shift is debatable. However, the most likely reason is the practical economics that the Board of Managers faced. Those patients who were committed for somatic ailments were often from the poorer classes, and frequently relied on charity care. In contrast, psychiatric cases were commonly from wealthier families who helped fund the hospital and made its continued expansion possible. With all due consideration, the inpatient population of the mentally ill continued to expand progressively, year after year. While no hospital record stating this as official policy has ever been found, the census record certainly suggest it as a certainty.<br />
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=== Modernization and the roots of Psychiatry ===<br />
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[[File:ChairRush.jpeg|200px|thumb|right|One of Rush's Tranquillizing Chair]]<br />
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More than any other single individual, Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]] was responsible for advancing the clinical knowledge and practice of behavioral healthcare. Like [[Galen]], Rush died a superstitious origin to behavioral problems, claiming that moonbeams, [[Daemons]], foul odors, celibacy, excessive tobacco use, did not cause psychiatric issues. Rather, that these behavioral disturbances were caused by "diseases of the brain", and should be treated properly with medical attention. Rush was also an advocate of the humane treatment of his patients, rejecting their previously held social status as unreasonable, and therefore sub-human. He proposed, that since these issues were disease of the mind, patients should be treated with the same care as those who suffered from a somatic malady. While the ethical nature of this claim was questioned in later century, for the 18th and early 19th century it was perceived as a peculiar formal method. This medical and metaphysical dogma dogma stood against common perceptions, as well as the formal education Rush received at the hands of psychiatric experts, such as Dr. [[William Cullen]] of Edinburgh. <br />
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Additionally, Rush is remembered for a new therapeutic apparatus that he employed on his patients. Commonly known as the "Tranquilizing Chair", Rush designed this machine to help reduce the flood of blood toward the brain. This was considered to make reasonable sense under the medical logic of the time, as it was thought that "the blood is the life" (Lev. 17:14). Ergo, by slowing done the 'force of life' within a Lunatick patient, their manic features might be reduced as well. In practical application this device certainly reduced psycho-motor activity of the confined patient, as well as their muscular tension, and the frequency of the pulse, but it became abundantly obvious to other alienists that it did not reduce the presenting symptoms of the patient. Regardless, Rush thought that this device was preferable to the "Mad-coats" (better known as a [[straightjacket]]) that most Lunatick were restrained in at the time.<br />
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Rush postulated that [[Insanity]] could be caused by physiological issues, or because of a moral failing in the individual. For this reason, Rush drew upon the centuries old Thomistic philosophy of Western Europe, that health required moderation in all things. Therefore, those individuals who engage in: excessive drinking, strange preoccupations, sexual or religious fervor, all lacked the moderation necessary to maintain mental health, and subsequently fell into bouts of insanity. This belief in the moral basis for the development of insanity was a common belief within the professional psychiatric community well into the 20th century. For better clinical care Rush deemed that these patients could attain homeostasis if they were simply given the opportunity to live a moderate and well-balanced lifestyle. For this reason, in 1798, he ordered that those patients who had the physical capacity to work should do so, to assist as part of their recovery. He proposed spinning, sewing and churning for his female patients, and for men, gardening and mill-grinding. This theory of recovery through work would be the roots of [[Occupational Therapy]], which is still employed by many inpatient and outpatient clinics as a means of assisting with psychiatric recovery.<br />
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== The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital ==<br />
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The Hospital's Board of Managers voted to expand their facility for care of the mentally ill in 1840, as much of the original Pennsylvania was occupied by psychiatric patients. A site was select in, what was then, rural West Philadelphia in 1841 with the construction of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, later known as The [[Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]]. The Board also elected to hire Thomas Story Kirkbride as its first superintendent. This new separate facilities developed a treatment philosophy that became the standard for care of the insane in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This facility remained in operation for the next century and a half. However, the changing economics of psychiatry in the later half of the 20th century made inpatient care expensive and difficult to obtain. In 1997, Pennsylvania Hospital's Board of Managers made the decision to merge with the much larger University of Pennsylvania Health System, this also meant the closure of the Institute as an independent facility. All operation of psychiatric care resumed at Pennsylvania Hospital's primary location following its closure. The large Penn Health System continues to help to support the Pennsylvania Hospital as a stand-alone hospital with its vast regional network of resources.<br />
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The current psychiatric services of the University of Pennsylvania Health System are divided by several sites within the Philadelphia area. There are two inpatient units at Pennsylvania Hospital, '4-Spruce' containing 24-beds, and '6-Spruce' containing 18-beds. Penn Presbyterian Medical Center also holds two inpatient units, 'Wright 4' containing 18-beds, and 'Wright 5' containing 22-beds. A Psychiatric Emergency Evaluation (PEEC) is also on site at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, which is contracted with the City of Philadelphia to handle 302 commitment petitions.<br />
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== Images of Pennsylvania Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Pennsylvania Hospital Image Gallery|Pennsylvania Hospital]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Penna Hospital 01.jpg<br />
File:Penna Hospital 05.jpg<br />
File:Penna Hospital 10.jpg<br />
File:Penna Hospital 17.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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== Other Historic Adjacent Facilities ==<br />
*[[Friends Hospital]]<br />
*[[Episcopal Hospital]]<br />
*[[Harrisburg State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital]]<br />
*[[Philadelphia State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Horsham Clinic]]<br />
*[[Brooke Glen Hospital]]<br />
*[[Norristown State Hospital]]<br />
*[[Philadelphia Almshouse]]<br />
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== Additional Information & Links ==<br />
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*[http://www.pennmedicine.org/PAHOSP/ Pennsylvania Hospital Website]<br />
*[http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/ History of the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/gallery/ Historical Image Gallery]<br />
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?hh:1:./temp/~ammem_Ua9I:: Library of Congress Photos & Drawings]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
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[[Category:Pennsylvania]]<br />
[[Category:Single Building Institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Private Institution]]</div>L-Leichtman