https://www.asylumprojects.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=2601%3A18A%3A8001%3A5C5%3AE4D4%3A9C7B%3AFB55%3A9377&feedformat=atomAsylum Projects - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T06:36:11ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Greystone_Park_State_Hospital&diff=31446Greystone Park State Hospital2015-12-27T04:37:10Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Greystone Park State Hospital<br />
| image = greystone main.JPG<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Greystone Park State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1871<br />
| construction_began = <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1876<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Demolished Institution|Demolished]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = <br />
| location = <br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = 7,674 in 1953<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Morristown<br />
*Morristown State Hospital<br />
*Morris Plains State Hospital <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Originally opened on August 17, 1876, the hospital was known as the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Morristown. The asylum officially received the familiar Greystone Park name in 1924. The idea for such a facility was conceived in the early 1870s at the persistent lobbying of Dorothea Lynde Dix, a former school teacher who was an advocate for better health care for people with mental illnesses. Because of her efforts, the New Jersey Legislature appropriated $2.5 million dollars to obtain about 3.007 square kilometers (743 acres) of land for New Jersey’s second "lunatic asylum." Great care was taken to select a location central to the majority of New Jersey's population near Morristown, Parsippany, and Newark. The land Greystone was built on was purchased by the state in two installments between 1871 and 1872 for a total of $146,000.<br />
<br />
At this time in history, New Jersey's state-funded mental health facilities were exceedingly overcrowded and sub par compared to neighboring states that had more facilities and room to house patients. Greystone was built, all 62,589 m² (673,706 ft²) of it, in part to relieve the only — and severely overcrowded — "lunatic asylum" in the state, which was located in Trenton, New Jersey. In fact, Greystone's initial 292 patients were transferred from the Trenton facility to Greystone based on geographic distribution, setting precedent for Greystone to become the facility that would generally accept patients whose residences were in the northern part of the state. This proved to be the very reason why Greystone quickly became overcrowded in the heavily-populated North while the Trenton facility's number of patients remained relatively stable in the sparsely populated South.<br />
<br />
===Growing Pains===<br />
<br />
In just four years after Greystone opened, it was already accommodating around 800 patients in a facility designed for 600. By 1887, the exercise rooms and attic space were converted to dormitories to create extra rooms for the influx of new patients. In an attempt to relieve the further overcrowding, the Dormitory Building was built behind the Main Building in 1901. It, however, wasn't enough to ameliorate the problem and thus in the same year the dining rooms on each floor had to be converted into dormitories as well. 13 years later, in 1914, the facility housed 2,412 patients, but now had an absolute maximum capacity of 1,600.<br />
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The next few decades saw a flurry of construction as supply was scrambling to meet demand. Of note was a new reception building named after the influential Greystone superintendent, Marcus Curry. Patient numbers are believed to have peaked in 1953 with an impressive 7,674 people packed into spaces designed for significantly fewer. An explanation for this dramatic increase can be found in the fact that World War II had ended and left many soldiers requiring treatment for Post-traumatic stress disorder, which included procedures such as Insulin shock therapy and Electroconvulsive therapy. Greystone was one of the few places in the country capable of treating such patients.<br />
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===Modern Day===<br />
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The 1970s and 1980s finally saw some weight lifted from this overcrowded facility because of the trend toward de-institutionalization, which was a direct effect of the use of Thorazine, one of the first drugs that was capable of treating the mentally ill. The trend continued to a point when Greystone was only a 550-bed facility when then Governor of New Jersey Christine Todd Whitman announced in 2000 that the state was going to close the facility by 2003. Some patients were slowly transferred to smaller-capacity programs, reducing the number of residential patients to approximately 450 in 2005. Then, on September 8, 2005, the New Jersey Health Care Facilities Financing Authority closed a $186,565,000 bond issue on behalf of the State of New Jersey Department of Human Services for the completion of a new, 43,000 m² (460,000 ft²) Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital, which is scheduled to be open in October 2007, still with a shortage of about 75 beds.<br />
<br />
The decision to close Greystone in 2000 came about not only because of concerns for the aging buildings, but also due to the recent negative press it was receiving. Specifically, accounts of sexual assault in a hospital elevator, patients committing suicide, patients becoming pregnant, and a twice-convicted rapist escaping did not help Greystone's public image. The last patient left Greystone's Kirkbride building (the main building) in 1988 and, except for a tiny section preserved for administrative offices, the state shut off the heat, turned out the lights and walked away.<br />
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The current Greystone campus covers over a square mile and consists of 43 buildings.<br />
<br />
===The Kirkbride===<br />
<br />
The original Second Empire Victorian style building was 62,589 m² (673,706 total square feet). At the base of this massive building was the alleged largest continuous foundation in the United States from the time it was built until it was surpassed by the Pentagon when it was constructed in 1943. However, many other Kirkbride asylum buildings (such as the Ohio State Asylum for the Insane) also lay a claim to this fame and it has not been verified which one is true. The building has a characteristic linear arrangement, which was designed to the specifications of the Kirkbride Plan. The main building has a center section that was used for administrative purposes with three wings radiating out from the center, each about 42.7 meters (140 ft) long. They were set back from the previous one so that patients could enjoy the beauty of the outside surroundings. This was a central concept, along with moral treatment, that was the hallmark of the Kirkbride Plan for treating the mentally ill. The building form itself was meant to promote treatment and have a curative effect.<br />
<br />
Each ward was initially set up to accommodate 20 patients. Each was furnished with a dining room, exercise room, and parlor. Most wards had wool rugs that ran the full length of the corridors. Other amenities included Victorian stuffed furniture, pianos, pictures, curtains and fresh flowers. Though not all wards were created equally. Wards that housed the most excitable patients were sparsely furnished — presumably for their own safety — with sturdy oak furniture.<br />
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Initial fees were $3.50 per week for a normal patient. For persons seeking private apartment-style living, the rent could be anywhere from $5.00 to $10.00 per week.<br />
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During the time that Greystone was built, the predominant philosophy in psychology was that the mentally ill could be cured or treated, but only if they were in an environment designed to deal with them. A major proponent of this philosophy was Thomas Story Kirkbride, who participated in the design phase of the main building at Greystone, though the two main designers were architect Samuel Sloan and Trenton State Asylum Superintendent Horace Buttolph (a friend of Kirkbride's). The building was constructed and furnished according to Kirkbride's philosophy, which proposed housing no more than 250 patients in a three story building. The rooms were to be light and airy with only two patients to a room. To reduce the likelihood of fires, Greystone and other Kirkbride asylums were constructed using stone, brick, slate and iron, using as little wood as possible. A street on the Greystone Park campus bears Buttolph's name.<br />
<br />
The Greystone campus itself was once a self-contained community that included staff housing, a post office, fire and police stations, a working farm, and vocational and recreational facilities. It also had its own gas and water utilities and a gneiss quarry, which was the source of the Greystone building material. Below the building, a series of tunnels and rails connect the many sections. Its self-sufficient design is a testament to the legacy of the asylums of its era. Like the layout and interior of the building, the Greystone grounds with rolling greens, lavish gardens, and fountain features were designed to aid in the treatment of the mentally ill.<br />
<br />
===Greystone in the 21st Century===<br />
<br />
Until 2003, the future of most of the historic buildings was uncertain. Many of the buildings are vacant and need major repairs. Preservationists have been working for several years to guarantee the survival of this complex of buildings. Morris County had been negotiating with the State of New Jersey to take over vacant structures for non-profit agencies. In 2003, Morris County finalized plans to purchase about 300 acres (1.2 km²) of Greystone Park from the state for $1.00. The purchase included many of the vacant, dilapidated buildings. As of 2008 the buildings located on the land purchased by Morris County have been demolished in preparation for building a park. The new park has been named "Central Park" in an effort to distance it from the asylum's history.<br />
<br />
Ground was ceremonially broken on November 16, 2005, for the new psychiatric hospital on the Greystone campus (behind the Kirkbride). The estimated date of opening was October 2007. However the due to many delays and problem the hospital did not receive patients until July of 2008. The new hospital is two-thirds the size of the Kirkbride building and will house about 450 patients, with another 100 patients living in hospital-run cottages on the grounds around the main building. All clients of Greystone are being transferred from their current buildings, to the new main building of the hospital. A mass move is planned thus housing for clients will be limited to the new main building as well as the cottages on the grounds.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital]</ref><br />
<br />
Demolition began on the left wing of the Kirkbride on April 6th 2015, tearing down the end 2-story isolation wards and removing part of the roof of the end 4-story wards. Preservation efforts continue in an attempt to salvage the remainder of the historic building. <br />
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<br />
== Images of Greystone Park State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Greystone Park State Hospital Image Gallery|Greystone Park State Hospital]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Greystone8.png<br />
File:Greystone9.png<br />
File:Greystone10.png<br />
File:Greystone11.png<br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
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* The following videos are from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
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* http://www.vimeo.com/KirkbridesHD/Greystone<br />
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* http://www.vimeo.com/KirkbridesHD/ReturnToGreystone<br />
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* https://vimeo.com/KirkbridesHD/ReturnToGreystoneTrailer<br />
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This video was done by Greystone Park Preservation Society:<br />
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Grover Kemble, a former musical therapist at Greystone singing his song "They're Trying to Tear Ol' Greystone Down" in protest of the building's demolition.<br />
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'''Demolition Videos''' by [https://www.facebook.com/GlideByJJ GlideByJJ]<br />
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2015 update by [https://www.facebook.com/AntiquityEchoes Antiquity Echoes] for their documentary titled [https://www.facebook.com/GreystonesLastStand Greystone's Last Stand]<br />
<br />
Antiquity Echoes travels to Weston, WV to visit the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum. The people behind this successful historic site were one of many parties interested in rehabilitating the old Greystone asylum in Parsippany, NJ. They, along with all other proposals for reuse were rejected by the state. Time and time again the state of New Jersey has stated that a main factor in the rejection of these plans was that every proposal required state funding of some kind. This is utterly untrue, and here we see proof.<br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iuBXsPDQXc <br />
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==News & Updates==<br />
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The following video entitled "Greystones Last Stand - Extended Preview" was created by Antiquity Echoes.<br />
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*[http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/morris/index.ssf?/base/news-5/121912052851170.xml&coll=1 Old Greystone hospital is wrecked by vandals - Tuesday, August 19, 2008]<br />
*[http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/four_people_charged_with_break.html Four people charged with breaking into Parsippany's Greystone Psychiatric Hospital - Wednesday September 10, 2008, 10:54 AM]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Additional Links & Information==<br />
<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HospitalZ.htm More Aerials of Greystone Park.]<br />
*[http://www.preservegreystone.org/ Preserve Greystone]<br />
*[http://www.savegreystone.org/ Greystone Park Historical Project]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital Greystone @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/greystonepark/ Greystone @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/morristown_nj/index.html Greystone @ Historic Asylum]<br />
*[http://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmhs/oshm/gpph/ NJ Dept of Health Official Website]<br />
*[http://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmhs/oshm/gpph/GPPH_new_beginnings.ppt A Power Point slide show of the new hospital]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
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[[Category:New Jersey]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Demolished Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Fergus_Falls_State_Hospital&diff=31445Fergus Falls State Hospital2015-12-27T04:31:27Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Fergus Falls State Hospital<br />
| image = Fergusfalls2.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Fergus Falls State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1887<br />
| construction_began = 1888<br />
| construction_ended = 1907<br />
| opened = July 29, 1890<br />
| closed = 2007<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]] and [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Warren B. Dunnell <br />
| location = Fergus Falls, MN<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = 2,078 in 1937 <br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Third Minnesota State Hospital for the Insane<br />
*Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center (RTC) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
====The following is from a 1916 report====<br />
In 1885, the two existing state hospitals for the insane of Minnesota being overcrowded with patients, it became necessary to take steps for the erection of a third institution. Consequently the Legislature of 1885 passed an act to establish a commission to locate a third hospital for the insane and prepare plans for its construction. This act authorized and required the Governor to appoint a commission to consist of five persons, who should locate a site for said hospital at some point in the northern part of the state, cause plans to be made, and present an estimate of the cost under said plans. The act was approved by the Governor, Lucius F. Hubbard, on March 2, and shortly afterwards he appointed R. B. Langdon, of Minneapolis; C. K. Bartlett, superintendent of the St. Peter Hospital; H. H. Hart, of St. Paul, secretary of the Board By G. O. Welch, M. D., superintendent of Corrections and Charities; H. G. Stordeck, of Breckenridge, and F. S. Christensen, of Rush City, as members of the commission. The commission looked over the various sites suggested and finally selected one in the northern part of the City of Fergus Falls. An estimate was prepared covering the cost of land and the erection of ward buildings for 300 patients, with boiler house, laundry, etc. The report and recommendations of the commission were laid before the Legislature of 1887 and that body passed an act locating and establishing a third hospital for the insane at the City of Fergus Falls and placing the institution under the charge and control of the Board of Trustees for the insane of Minnesota. Later in the session an appropriation of $24,280 was made for the purchase of 596 acres of land, and $70,000 for the buildings recommended by the commission.<br />
<br />
As soon as it was known that a new institution for the insane was contemplated the homeopathic physicians of the state, believing that their school deserved some recognition, took active steps to secure the proposed hospital. As a result of their efforts the Legislature of 1887 passed the following act:<br />
<br />
That the superintendent and corps of physicians appointed for the third hospital for the insane, located at Fergus Falls, shall be of the school of homoeopathy, and the Board of Trustees of the hospitals for the insane of Minnesota are hereby directed to make appointments in accordance herewith as soon as the hospital is ready for patients.<br />
<br />
Shortly after the Board of Trustees took control of the affairs of the new hospital Warren B. Dunnell, of Minneapolis, was appointed architect. During the fall of 1887 he visited many of the Eastern hospitals and on his return plans were prepared for the new institution, upon which work was begun in 1888. The ward buildings are of the congregate plan, with a main wing 430 feet long, and a detached wing 200 feet long for each sex. The buildings are three stories high, with a finished attic; they are built of cream brick with sandstone trimmings and a slate roof; are of fireproof construction, and are of pleasing and artistic appearance.<br />
<br />
There was considerable delay in completing the first buildings contracted for, as the money appropriated was not sufficient for the purpose. The Legislature of 1889 made an additional appropriation of $65,000 and the first ward building was at length ready for occupancy. On July 29, 1890, the hospital was declared open and on the 30th 90 men were transferred thereto from the St. Peter State Hospital.<br />
<br />
Since the opening of the hospital each succeeding Legislature, realizing the necessity of relieving the overcrowded condition of the other institutions for the insane, has been very generous in its appropriations. The ward buildings proper and all the outside buildings as contemplated in the original plans were completed in 1899. Since then the farm acreage has been largely increased, several new buildings have been erected, some of the older ones have been enlarged in order that they may be better adapted to the purposes for which they were intended, and many improvements have been made in various parts of the plant in order to bring it up to the highest state of efficiency.<br />
<br />
The total cost of the plant up to the present time has been approximately $1,252,000, divided as follows: Land (1075.61 acres), $51,365; ward buildings, $750,000; administration building, $57,000; kitchen and storeroom buildings, $91,000; heating and lighting plant, $90,000; barns and live stock, $30,500; laundry, $32,000; water supply, $12,000; nurses' home, $80,000; amusement hall and congregate dining room, $32,000; shops, $8500; library, $1000; subways, $5000; improvement of grounds, $4500; electric and surgical apparatus, $5000; fire alarm system, $2000.<br />
<br />
In September, 1887, the Board of Trustees appointed Captain O. C. Chase, of Fergus Falls, as general overseer of the work. In February, 1890, Captain Chase was appointed to the position of steward, which office he has held since that time, having proved himself a faithful and efficient officer.<br />
<br />
During the spring of 1890 the Board of Trustees selected Dr. Alonza P. Williamson as superintendent, and he took charge of the institution on the 4th of May. Dr. Williamson was a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia. After graduation he served for a time at Ward's Island, New York, and afterwards accepted a position at the Middletown State Hospital, New York, where he served for a number of years as assistant superintendent. Coming to the new hospital in Minnesota in its infancy, he was instrumental in establishing the work upon a solid foundation, to which much of its future success was due. Dr. Williamson resigned his position on November 9, 1892, and opened an office in Minneapolis, devoting himself to special work in mental and nervous diseases. On the day of his resignation Dr. George O. Welch was appointed superintendent. Dr. Welch was a native of Massachusetts and a graduate of the Boston University. In June, 1887, he was appointed to a position on the staff of the Westborough State Hospital of Massachusetts and resigned that position in February, 1892, to take a post-graduate course in mental and nervous diseases in Europe. While abroad he was appointed to the position of superintendent at the Fergus Falls State Hospital, which position he has held since that time.<br />
<br />
As soon as the institution was ready for patients the Board of Trustees divided the state into three hospital districts. The Fergus Falls district includes practically all of the state north of the City of Minneapolis, a much larger area than the other two districts combined, but not nearly so thickly populated. As the state is growing fast, the hospital is beginning to suffer from the usual overcrowded condition, having now (1912) a population of 1650 patients, with a normal capacity of 1500. Since the opening of the hospital over 8000 patients have been admitted. The results of treatment have been very satisfactory, a large proportion of the recently admitted cases being sent out each year in a normal mental condition.<br />
<br />
A training school for nurses was organized in 1894. The two years' course at first required by the school was later changed to three. The school has always been open to both sexes, but entrance therein has never been obligatory. Since the opening of the school 103 men and 114 women have been graduated. The school has helped materially to raise the standard of efficiency among the nursing force, and many of the graduates now hold responsible hospital positions elsewhere.<br />
<br />
The following named gentlemen served upon the Board of Trustees from the opening of the hospital until 1901, when all institutions were placed under the Board of Control: A. L. Sackett, J. F. Meagher, A. Barto, M. R. Tyler, C. D. Wright, A. T. Stebbins, Dr. J. F. Fulton, John Peterson, J. W. Mason, T. H. Titus, Dr. W. A. Jones, R. A. Smith, J. H. Block, Dr. C. L. Wells, T. D. O'Brien, Dr. D. N. Jones, Dr. A. W. Daniels, J. H. Wagoner, J. A. Coleman, John Heinen, C. J. Hanson.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
'''SUPERINTENDENTS'''<br />
*Dr. Alonzo P. Williamson 1890-1892<br />
*Dr. George O. Welch (in office) 1892<br />
<br />
'''ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENTS'''<br />
*Dr. A. S. Dolan 1890-1893 Dr. Franklin S. W1lcox.. 1904-1912<br />
*Dr. G. R. Ball 1893-1895 Dr. Clarence C. Burling<br />
*Dr. Wm. O. Mann 1895-1899 ton (in office) 1912<br />
*Dr. Henry M. Pollock... 1899-1904<br />
<br />
'''ASSISTANT PHYSICIANS'''<br />
*Dr. E. P. Taft 1891-1893 Dr. Ralph Deming 1914<br />
*Dr. Hamilton Meade 1893-1895 Dr. W. L. Patterson<br />
*Dr. W. D. Kirkpatrick. . 1895-1897 Dr. Emile Young 1893-1895<br />
*Dr. H. H. Bingham 1895-1899 Dr. Addie F. F1tzpatrick<br />
*Dr. Addie F. Gilman Dr. Bertha A. Hughes...<br />
*Dr. G. H. Cobb Dr. Oskar L. Bertelson..<br />
*Dr. Bertha A. Frost 1895- Dr. Jennie G. Erdman...<br />
*Dr. L. A. Williams 1897- Dr. DeEtte Brownell...<br />
*Dr. Edwin Waite 1900- Dr. Bertha G. Dressner..<br />
*Dr. J. B. Brown 1900-1901<ref>http://blogs.bu.edu/busmhs/displays/the-documents-of-john-bean-brown/</ref> Dr. Cora M. Johnson<br />
*Dr. N. F. Doleman Dr. Olive E. Smith<br />
*Dr. T. M. Thayer Dr. A. W. Ogden (in of<br />
*Dr. F. R. Sedgley fice) 1912<br />
*Dr. I. H. Kiesling Dr. C. M. Jared (in of<br />
*Dr. L. R. Clapp fice) 1914<br />
*Dr. J. F. Lovell<br />
<br />
'''STEWARD'''<br />
*O. C. Chase (in office) 1889-<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=bnraAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
<br />
====20th & 21st Century====<br />
The institution served 17 counties in northwestern and west central Minnesota with the patient census reaching an all-time high of 2,078 in 1937. The regional treatment center was one of the first multipurpose campuses, serving those with developmental disabilities, chemical dependency as well as psychiatric illnesses.<ref>http://discussions.mnhs.org/collections/2008/03/fergus-falls-state-hospital-papers/</ref> The kirkbride building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.<ref>http://www.fergusphotos.com/rtc/#History</ref> During the 1980s, 90s, and into 2000 the hospital population decreased as patients were placed in smaller community based facilities. In 2007 the campus buildings were sold to the City of Fergus Falls.<ref>http://discussions.mnhs.org/collections/2008/03/fergus-falls-state-hospital-papers/</ref> In 2009 a lighting strike on the administration section cause a fire to break out in the center steeple. Fire crews responded and prevented the fire from spreading further down into the admin but were criticized by some for their slow response time.<ref>http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/blog/fergus-falls-fire</ref> The city has since placed a "cap" on top of the steeple. On August 30th, 2010 the city listed the former hospital campus for sale on Craigslist for $1. The ad stated that any potential buyers must have "a plan for development and proof of private development capital".<ref>http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/blog/a-kirkbride-on-craiglist</ref> In the first half of 2011 the city of Fergus Falls proposed a phased demolition of many of the non-historical structures. In the initial version of this plan the Kirkbride building would not be demolished, only the cafeteria, gymnasium, administrative building, and some other outbuildings behind the Kirkbride, as well as several tunnels connecting the buildings would be demolished. The demolition plan has a tentative start date of summer 2012 unless a developer steps in and purchases the property.<ref>http://www.fergusfallsjournal.com/2011/05/03/kirkbride-building-could-have-one-last-chance/</ref><br />
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<br />
== Images of Fergus Falls State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Fergus Falls State Hospital Image Gallery|Fergus Falls State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Fergusfalls4.jpg<br />
File:Fergusfallsmn.jpg<br />
File:Pf070862.jpg<br />
File:Pf032358.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/fergusfalls<br />
<br />
<videoflash>Ln383KXiV-Y</videoflash><br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
*A video clip of the 2009 fire caused by a lightning strike on the admin. (PART 1)<br />
<videoflash>IRWF4XAmlXI</videoflash><br />
<BR><br />
*A video clip of the 2009 fire caused by a lightning strike on the admin. (PART 2)<br />
<videoflash>y-orG0B7Oeo</videoflash><br />
<br />
== Links and Additional Information== <br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/fergusfalls/ Fergus Falls State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://nrhp.mnhs.org/property_overview.cfm?propertyID=18 Minnesota Historical Society]<br />
*[http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/07/30_gundersond_ffrtc/ An article on how the city is trying to save the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=597 Photos of the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/blog/fergus-falls-fire Info on the 2009 Admin fire]<br />
*[http://nrhp.mnhs.org/property_overview.cfm?propertyID=18 Minnesota Historical Society Entry]<br />
*[http://theemptyplaces.com/wordpress/institutions/minnesota/fergus-falls-state-hospital/ Additional Photos]<br />
*[http://www.facebook.com/groups/146744348673366/ Friends of the Kirkbride - Preservation Group]<br />
*[http://www.fergusfallsjournal.com/2011/05/03/kirkbride-building-could-have-one-last-chance/ City gives Kirkbride one last chance]<br />
*[[Special:AWCforum/st/id597|Project Kirkbride]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Minnesota]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Taunton_State_Hospital&diff=31444Taunton State Hospital2015-12-27T04:30:20Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Taunton State Hospital<br />
| image = Taunton44.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Taunton State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1851<br />
| construction_ended = 1853<br />
| opened =<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbirde Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] (demolished)<br />
| architect(s) = Elbridge Boyden <br />
| location =<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Taunton Lunatic Hospial<br />
*State Lunatic Hospital at Taunton <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It took Massachusetts until 1833 to establish its first "lunatic system" located in Worcester. By 1851 it had grown so dangerously overcrowded that the Legislature appropriated $100,000 for the construction of a new hospital. The Legislature appointed a commission to choose the site and oversee its construction. Interestingly, many communities across the state petitioned to have the institutions located in their towns. After a lengthy search the commission chose the City of Taunton who had raised $13,000 to buy a one hundred and fifty-four acre farm situated in the north of town.<br />
<br />
The commission's site search was driven by specific criteria, and their vision, when the building and grounds were completed, was to "render it a spot fitted to interest and tranquilize the minds of those who need as well the soothing influences of external nature as the healing remedies of art." It was believed at the time that a bucolic setting of soothing topology would compliment and aid treatment. To that end, the commission settled on the farm in northern Taunton whose more than sixty acre grove, bounded by the river, extended to within a half a mile of the center of town. One advantage of the site was that the river acted as a natural barrier against the encroachments of an increasing town population, so that the institution would not gradually find itself in the heart of a large city.<br />
<br />
The commission selected Elbridge Boyden, the most prominent New England architect of the mid-19th century, whose most famous works were Mechanics Hall and Holy Cross College, both in Worcester. He was also well-known outside of New England and was chosen to design and build Antioch College in Ohio. Boyden's specialty was the design of civic and public buildings. He built jails, courthouses, town halls, churches, hotels, banks, post offices and railroad stations all over the United States.<br />
<br />
In 1853 the hospital was completed at a cost of $151,742.48. It was constructed in the Georgian style on a monumental scale and is, to this day, an example of classical revival institutional architecture. Boyden's specialty was the use of cast iron as a functional and decorative medium. His command of these materials can be seen in the domes, capitals and cornices that survive today. He situated the hospital "on a gentle eminence, at the extreme northerly part of the farm, being about one mile from town." As originally completed it was a three-storied building of brick with a slate roof. It was surmounted by a dome rising seventy feet above the roof. The dome's cupola offered a "panoramic view of great beauty, embracing the neighboring town, with its many tokens of busy life, several flourishing villages, the numerous ponds and streams with which the surrounding country abounds, and reaching even to the blue hills of Norfolk County."<br />
<br />
The building boasted all of the modern conveniences: central heat, running water, sewer and central ventilation. It contained a chapel, kitchen, bakery, laundry, dining rooms, apartments for staff, washrooms, parlors, open-air verandas and "patient" rooms. Some patient rooms were dormitory style and others private. Private rooms were an innovation and reflected the institution's concern for its inhabitants who would now be called "patients" and not "inmates."<br />
<br />
Today, while the Mill River still forms a barrier to the eastern boundary of the hospital the remaining 600 acres are now surrounded by the City of Taunton. The city now has 50,000 citizens. Private homes, old and new; businesses, small and large have grown around the hospital including the nationally known Reed and Barton Silver Company. At present the hospital inpatient population is only a fraction of the large number of patients who resided here in the 1940's and 50's. However, the role and vitality of the hospital have not diminished. In the 1990's there were extensive renovations which have provided modern and pleasant living environments for our patients. Taunton State Hospital currently houses 10 wards which provide long term psychiatric care and forensic evaluations for admissions that come primarily from Southeastern Massachusetts. Support is also provided to two youth service units and two adolescent wards. The hospital is a Joint Commission approved facility that serves as an intern site for Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry as well as a training site for nursing, psychology, occupational therapy and social work students. The current Chief Operating Officer is Katherine Chmiel, while the Clinical Director is Rogelio Bayog, M.D.<ref>History written by Joe Langlois</ref><br />
<br />
In 1999 the large dome crowning the admin collapsed into the building. And on March 19, 2006 a huge fire gutted what was left of the administration. The burned out administration section remained until in 2009 Massachusetts demolished what remained of the kirkbride. <br />
<br />
In 2012 Massachusetts announced that Taunton State Hospital would be closing. This announcement has resulted in much protest from the local and metal health community. <br />
<br />
== Images of Taunton State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Taunton State Hospital Image Gallery|Taunton State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Taunton2.jpg<br />
File:Taunton3.png<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/taunton<br />
<br />
<videoflash>TOz_s3jHYtU</videoflash><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/taunton/ Taunton @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/taunton_ma/index.html Taunton @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://arch.thomas-industriesinc.com/Kirkbride_Gallery_HospitalY.htm Taunton Aerial Photos]<br />
*[http://www.capecodfd.com/PAGES%20Special/Taunton%20GA%20Fire%20031906%20P1.htm Photos from the 2006 fire]<br />
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhphoto&fileName=ma/ma1300/ma1354/photos/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Taunton%20State%20Hospital,%20Danforth%20Street,%20Taunton,%20Bristol%20County,%20MA&displayType=1&itemLink=D?hh:1:./temp/~ammem_TMCw::@@@mdb=hh,gottscho,cic,dag,papr,alad,fawbib,vv,wpapos,qlt,detr,varstg,awh,awhbib Historic American Building Photos]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Hudson_River_State_Hospital&diff=31443Hudson River State Hospital2015-12-27T04:29:14Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Hudson River State Hospital<br />
| image = Hudson11.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Hudson River State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1866<br />
| construction_began = 1868<br />
| construction_ended = 1895<br />
| opened = 1871<br />
| closed = Jan 25, 2012<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Frederick Clarke Withers (Grounds: Frederick Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux)<br />
| location = <br />
| architecture_style = Victorian High Gothic / Victorian Gothic<br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Hudson River Psychiatric Center<BR><br />
*Hudson Heritage Park<BR><br />
*Hudson River Asylum for the Insane<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===The following is from a 1916 report===<br />
In 1866, eleven years after the strong memorial presented to the Legislature by county superintendents of the poor setting forth the neglected condition of the insane and recommending the establishment of two additional state hospitals for their care and treatment, Governor Fenton appointed five commissioners to secure a suitable site "on or near the Hudson River below the City of Albany, upon which to erect the Hudson River Asylum for the Insane." The offer of a 208-acre farm jointly by the County of Dutchess and the City of Poughkeepsie was accepted and during the following year the Legislature appropriated $100,000 for the construction of one building. Meanwhile there had been appointed a Board of Managers of nine members, who had selected as superintendent Dr. Joseph M. Cleaveland, who had received his training in the parent institution at Utica. With the appropriation above referred to the managers procured an additional 84 acres of land and authorized a New York firm of architects, Messrs. Vaux, Withers & Co., to prepare plans and specifications for a hospital to accommodate 250 patients of each sex. At the same time extensive plans were adopted for the improvement of the grounds. No patients were received until 1871 and only seven patients were accommodated during that year.<br />
<br />
In 1872 the total cost of the buildings thus far reached $1,000,000 with current accommodations for only 212 patients. The State Comptroller criticized the managers for spending such and excessive amount of money and having little to show for it. In the managers reply it was pointed out that after the close of the Civil War, and especially by the enactment of the new eight-hour law, the greatly increased cost of both labor and material was responsible for the high costs. They asserted that the plan followed by them of constructing the hospital by day's work rather than by contract was the best to follow; further, that "although the hospital has cost money, it is worth the money" and that the Governor, Comptroller and other state officials had inspected the buildings and had approved the plans and specifications and general scheme of construction. However, appropriations for additional work of any magnitude were deferred until 1875, when the Governor, with legislative sanction, appointed a building superintendent to control the further construction of the hospital buildings. It was also ordered that all building operations be done under contract. Although $1,500,000 were expended in the 18 years intervening between 1868 and 1886, accommodations for only 400 patients had been provided.<br />
<br />
In March, 1893, Dr. Cleaveland resigned and was succeeded by Dr. Charles W. Pilgrim, who had previously served as superintendent of the [[Willard State Hospital]]. With appropriations granted in 1891 a group of cottages had been completed on a distant portion of the hospital grounds for the accommodation of 320 of the insane remaining in the poorhouses of the state. Dr. Pilgrim also found it possible by readjustment of sitting rooms and dormitories to provide accommodations in the main institution for 302 additional patients. Thus the capacity of the institution was increased from 800 beds in 1890 to 1400 in 1893. The central group of buildings, nearly a mile from the main establishment, was enlarged and greatly improved. In 1898 the huge north wing was added, thus increasing the capacity further to 1970. The reception building, designed and equipped specially for the care and treatment of new and supposedly curable cases, was occupied in 1908, as was also the building known as Inwood, designed specially for the care of the chronic insane. The capacity was further increased by these buildings to 2708. The land now comprised in the grounds and buildings has reached 1000 acres.<br />
<br />
The title of this institution adopted at the time of its organization is the Hudson River State Hospital.<br />
<br />
The different groups of buildings permit an excellent classification, the tubercular and epileptic, the most troublesome and dangerous of all, being removed from the general wards. The hospital is thoroughly equipped and has every facility for doing the most advanced psychiatric work. The staff consists of 20 physicians, and there are 608 employees engaged in the work of the hospital. Superintendent Pilgrim served as State Commissioner in Lunacy for one year, 1906, on leave of absence from the hospital.<br />
<br />
The main hospital buildings are located on a beautiful slope which extends to the banks of the Hudson River and affords a variety of beautiful vistas.<br />
<br />
A trained pathologist, who devotes his entire time to studies of the brain and nervous system, is one of the valuable adjuncts of the hospital. Another feature of merit is a thoroughly organized training school for nurses, which is conducted with enthusiasm and success by the medical staff. A no less important feature is the course of training for beginners, t. e., ward attendants, all of whom are given a course of five lectures, one by the first assistant physician, on the general subject of insanity, the necessity of forbearance, especially on the part of attendants detailed to escort patients to the hospital, and general features of the insanity law; the remaining five on practical ward work, bathing, dining room and kindred work.<br />
<br />
Staff meetings are held four times each week, at which unusual cases are submitted for study and diagnosis. During 1913 the accommodations in the Edgewood Building for 40 patients of the most disturbed class were finished and made ready for occupancy. Two considerable extensions of the reception building were finished, increasing the capacity of the building by 16. These additions were supplemented by spacious verandas. A large sewing room for the disturbed and semi-demented *omen patients was completed and an average of 70 patients are now employed therein.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=aPssAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a&output=text</ref><br />
<BR><br />
[[image:Hrsh kirkbride 3.jpg|300px|left]]<br />
===The Kirkbride===<br />
Frederick Clarke Withers designed the Kirkbride style Main Building in 1867. It was intended to be completed quickly, but went far over its original schedule and budget and remained under construction for almost a quarter century after it first opened. A nine-member Board of Managers was created and appointed to initiate and oversee construction of the actual building. Withers planned a building 1,500 feet (457 m) in length and over 500,000 square feet (45,000 m²) in area, most of its two wings that would house patients. It was the first institutional building in the U.S. designed in the High Victorian Gothic style. Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmstead, designers of New York's Central Park, laid out the surrounding landscape. Like Withers, they had been mentored by the influential Andrew Jackson Downing in nearby Newburgh.<br />
<br />
The centerpiece of his design was the administration building. The two wings, designed to hold 300 patients of either sex, were divided by a chapel placed between them in the yard behind the administration building so that patients could not see into the rooms of the opposite sex. The building and landscape plan were meant to aid in patients' recovery, by giving them adequate space and privacy and imbuing their healing with a sense of grandeur.<br />
<br />
Construction began in 1868, with the cost estimated at $800,000. Cost-saving measures included the construction of a new dock on the Hudson so that building materials could be shipped more directly to the site, quarrying and cutting the foundation stones on site, mixing concrete from local materials and hiring local craftsmen instead of a general contractor. The board also deviated from the plan it had sent the state, in particular by building a shorter female wing when it came to believe that fewer patients of that sex would be admitted. As a result it is one of the few Kirkbride hospitals to have been built with asymmetrical wings.<br />
<br />
Despite efforts to save money, the board was slightly over the $100,000 it had expected to spend that year, according to its first annual report. The main building was completed and opened, with 40 patients admitted, in October 1871. As work continued on other structures planned for the complex, so did the cost overruns. In 1873, the year county residents had been promised the hospital would be finished, the New York Times ran an editorial harshly criticizing the board for not only having gone way over budget but for lavish extravagance and waste:<br />
<br />
The managers have entirely disregarded the law by which they were authorized to act. They have altered the plans and specifications ... Some of the details of the extravagance of the board are amazing. For instance, the first part of the work undertaken was the construction of a reservoir, into which the water was pumped from the river through an eight-inch (20 cm) iron pipe; from the reservoir the water was carried to the hospital by a twelve-inch (30 cm) iron pipe, the engine and machinery employed being on the scale of those used in supplying a neighboring city of 20,000 inhabitants. The cost of the reservoir was $100,000. Thirty thousand dollars was expended in blasting some rough rocks jutting into the reservoir, and the Superintendent gave as a reason for this that, if some of the patients were missing, they might want to rake the bottom of the reservoir to find the bodies, and with this the rocks would interfere ... The floors are laid in yellow Southern pine, the most expensive of the flooring, fitted and cut in a way greatly to enhance the cost. The heating is arranged on a scale that, with only 150 patients, ten tons (9 tonnes) of coal per day is consumed. The mention of these items sufficiently explains the disappearance of $1,200,000 of the people's money.<br />
<br />
Some efforts were made to stop the project, but the legislature continued to appropriate funds despite further revelations like these. Construction continued until 1895, when further money could not be found. Despite this expenditure of time and money, the hospital's original plan was still not complete, and never would be.<br />
<BR><br />
[[image:Hudson9ariel1969.jpg|300px|left]]<br />
<br />
===Hudson River Psychiatric Center===<br />
Many new buildings continued to be constructed throughout the first part of the 20th century. As late as 1952 the institution was treating as many as 6,000 patients. Changes in the treatment of mental illness, such as psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs, were making large-scale facilities relics and allowing more patients to lead more normal lives without being committed. By the late 1970s the hospital administration decided to shut down the two main wings of the Kirkbride building, as few patients were residing in them and due to neglect some of the floors had collapsed. The state offices of Mental Health and Historic Preservation clashed over a plan to demolish the wings, even after the National Historic Landmark designation in 1989. In the 1990s, more and more of the hospital site would be abandoned as its services were needed less and less. The hospital consolidated with [[Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center]] in 1994 and closed the main campus (including the Kirkbride building) in 2001. The remaining hospital operations moved into a much smaller building nearby.<br />
<br />
The state had decided to sell the main hospital campus for redevelopment, and in 2005 the Empire State Development Corporation sold 156 acres (62 ha) including the Kirkbride Main Building to Hudson Heritage LLC, a subsidiary of the Chazen Companies, for $2.75 million. Hudson Heritage and Chazen plan to thoroughly renovate the Kirkbride into a combination hotel/apartment complex as the centerpiece of a residential/commercial campus, Hudson Heritage Park. Redevelopment plans hit two setbacks later in the 2000s. In 2005, the Town of Poughkeepsie imposed a moratorium on new construction while it adjusted its zoning to deal with its growth. Hudson Heritage has been seeking to have a "historic revitalization district" created for the property that would help spur its growth. Then, on May 31, 2007, lightning struck the south wing of the Kirkbride, causing one of the most serious fires in Dutchess County's history. It is unclear whether that portion of the building can be effectively restored after such severe damage.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_State_Hospital http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_State_Hospital]</ref> As of January 2012 no progress has been made on renovating the Kirkbride or the grounds.<br />
<br />
===Closure===<br />
In May 2011, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a restructuring of mental health facilities after the Legislature adopted a budget that he said would close an overall state budget deficit of $10 billion. The closure of the Hudson River hospital would affect 375 workers and about 125 patients. A spokeswoman for the state Office of Mental Health, Leesa Rademacher, said most of the patients were moved over time after the announcement in 2011, the last 15 were relocated the week of the hospital's closing. Patients were moved to other New York facilities, primarily [[Rockland Psychiatric Center]] in Orangeburg. Many of the hospital employees took jobs in other facilities or state agencies where their civil service seniority gave them “bumping” rights to displace less-senior workers in similar titles. Others lost their jobs. The hospital was officially closed on January 25, 2011. <ref>http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20120125/NEWS01/301250015/Hudson-River-Psychiatric-Center-like-ghost-town-?odyssey=mod|newswell|text|PoughkeepsieJournal.com|s</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Hudson River State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Hudson River State Hospital Image Gallery|Hudson River State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Pho 0017 small.jpg<br />
File:Pho 1 lrg.jpg<br />
File:Hudson State NY.jpg<br />
File:Hudson PostCard 006.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== Videos ==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/hudson<br />
<br />
<videoflash>d7Kya1xXZos</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.hudsonheritage.com/ Hudson Heritage Park - The company that is redeveloping the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.harlemvalley.org/hudson/images/ Harlem Valley.org - Lots of great postcards & information]<br />
*[http://www.historic51.org/ Historic 51 - A great site dedicated to the hospital]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/hudsonriver/ Hudson River State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/ Hudson River State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
[[Category:New York]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=South_Carolina_State_Hospital&diff=31442South Carolina State Hospital2015-12-27T04:27:51Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = South Carolina State Hospital<br />
| image = Millsold2.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1828 Kirkbride Built in 1858<br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1828<br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]] <br />
| building_style = [[Pre-1854 Plans]] & [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Robert Mills<br />
| location = Columbia, SC<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*South Carolina Lunatic Asylum<br />
*Columbia State Hospital<br />
*Columbia Area Mental Health Center <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
From the establishment of the South Carolina State Hospital over 175 years ago, to the beginning of community mental health services in the 1920's, to the evolution of a complex mental health care delivery system, South Carolina has achieved an impressive record in its efforts to meet the needs of its mentally ill citizens.<br />
<br />
As far back as 1694 the Lord Proprietors of the Carolinas decreed that the indigent mentally ill should be cared for locally at public expense. In 1751 the colonial government similarly recognized the mental health needs of slaves. In 1762 the Fellowship Society of Charleston established an infirmary for the mentally ill. But it was not until the 1800s that the mental health movement received legislative attention at the state level.<br />
<br />
According to legend, when Colonel Samuel Farrow, a member of the House of Representatives from Spartanburg County, traveled to Columbia to attend sessions of the legislature, he noticed a woman who was mentally distressed and apparently without adequate care. Her poor condition made an impact on him and spurred him on to engage the support of Major William Crafts, a brilliant orator and a member of the Senate from Charleston County.<br />
<br />
The two men worked zealously to sensitize their fellow lawmakers to the needs of the mentally ill, and on December 20, 1821, the South Carolina State Legislature passed a statute-at-large approving $30,000 to build the S.C. Lunatic Asylum and school for the deaf and dumb. This legislation made South Carolina the second state in the nation (after Virginia) to provide funds for the care and treatment of people with mental illnesses.<br />
<br />
Original drawing of the S.C. Lunatic AsylumRobert Mills, a renowned architect, was chosen to design the new S.C. Lunatic Asylum. In 1822 the cornerstone was laid for the Mills Building, which took six years to complete. The building's many innovations included fire-proof ceilings, a central heating system, and one of the country's first roof gardens. South Carolina's asylum was one of the first in the nation built expressly for the mentally ill and funded by a state government.<br />
<br />
Citizens were wary of sending their loved ones to the asylum, and so, it was not until December 12, 1828, that the first patient was admitted. A young woman from Barnwell County, she was accompanied by her mother who worked as a matron while her daughter was a patient at the hospital.<br />
<br />
The hospital admitted patients wealthy enough to pay for their own care, as well as the middle class and paupers. Although a few blacks, mostly slaves, were admitted during the first 20 years, they were not officially permitted until 1848. Despite its innovative architecture, many problems arose within a few years after the asylum opened. Complaints ranged from narrow halls and staircases and small activity rooms to flooding on the ground floor. Another issue was expansion of the asylum grounds.<br />
<br />
By the 1850s, the average patient paid $250 annually. A separate room and eating area cost another $100. Paupers were admitted for an annual fee of $135, which was billed to the patient's home district. As more paupers were admitted, it became harder to collect fees, and the asylum grew more dependent on state funding. Due to the large number of people being admitted land was needed for new buildings and for patient recreation and gardens. Some asylum leaders believed the institution should be moved to the country. Largely because the legislature was unwilling to fund a new complex, it remained at the original location. Land was purchased next to the complex, and more buildings were erected. The headquarters for the South Carolina Department of Mental Health remain on these grounds even today. <br />
<br />
Men and women were housed separately, originally on different floors, but later in separate buildings. When a new building was completed in 1858, male patients moved into it, and the women remained in the Mills Building. Despite the new building, the asylum reached its capacity of 192 by 1860. Many families preferred to care for their mentally ill relatives at home, while others wanted them closer to home even if it were in the county jail or the poor house. Only after the state assumed direct responsibility for all mentally ill in 1871 did county jails readily give up their patients.<br />
<br />
Drawing of Asylum Camp 1864During the Civil War, funding problems grew worse. Dr. John W. Parker, the superintendent, opposed a plan to turn his complex into a prisoner-of-war camp. Although the Confederate Army did not get the asylum, the grounds were used as a prison camp for Union officers from October 1864 to February 1865.<br />
<br />
Despite worsening conditions late in the war, the asylum became a refuge for many Columbia residents when the city burned during Union General William T. Sherman's occupation in February 1865. With dwindling provisions, Parker did his best to provide for his patients and for the destitute citizens. Like the rest of the South, the asylum struggled to survive in the aftermath of the war. Despite the lack of funds, the superintendent accepted more patients and often used his own money to provide them with food and other necessities.<br />
<br />
J.F. Ensor, a Maryland native and former Union Army surgeon, became superintendent in 1870 and tried hard to find adequate funds for the institution. Several citizens from around the state contributed, and he received a $10,000 subscription from some Philadelphia Quakers, which helped repair the buildings. More than once, when local businesses could no longer give him credit, Ensor supplemented the institution's meager budgets with his own funds.<br />
<br />
As the population grew, it became virtually impossible to treat patients. The asylum became largely a dormitory to house the mentally ill. In 1870 Ensor reported that the rundown asylum rooms "were mere cells of chink in the wall, dark and illy ventilated" and that there was not an adequate means of diagnosing patients. These problems were solved to the best of his ability. By 1874 Ensor had added central heating, plumbing, new furniture, pianos and books. While Ensor made some strides in providing for patient's physical needs, overcrowding remained a problem. This accelerated when the state government assumed the cost of patient care from the counties in 1871.<br />
<br />
With slavery abolished, African-Americans became a larger part of the asylum's population. The admission of blacks not only added to the patient population, but led to another problem-providing separate facilities for the races. Temporary structures built before 1860 for blacks desperately needed replacement. Facilities for whites also were overcrowded. While trying to accommodate this population increase, Ensor was forced to cut staff to have funds to buy food and meet other needs. Sometimes this was not enough. Even though the state was now required to pay for patient care, some asylum residents were sent home if they had no money to pay for their care. Nevertheless, the population increased from 245 in 1870 to more than 300 by the time Ensor resigned seven years later.<br />
<br />
Notable changes before 1900 included the founding in 1892 of a nursing school, which did not close until 1950, and changing the hospital's name in 1896 to the S.C. State Hospital for the Insane. Although hospital finances became more stable in the 1880s, the legislature instructed the superintendent to economize wherever he could. While most states were increasing their annual per capita spending, South Carolina was reducing hers. The cost for each patient in 1877 had been $202. It was reduced to $140 by 1888. Nine years later, the per capita rate had fallen to $107.80, one of the lowest in the nation.<br />
<br />
By 1900 the State Hospital had 1,040 patients. More than 30 percent of them died annually, due in part to poor living conditions and inadequate supervision. More facilities were built in the 1870s and 1880s, including two major additions to the buildings constructed in the 1850s northeast of the original Mills Building. However, the population outgrew these by 1900. By 1910, after a legislative committee reported the asylum was too small, land was purchased north of Columbia, and plans were submitted for a new complex that became known as "State Park." When it opened in 1913, it was for black patients only. This hospital, named Palmetto State Hospital in 1963, was renamed Crafts-Farrow State Hospital in 1965 when it became a geriatric facility.<br />
<br />
A legislative study of the asylum in 1909 found many problems, ranging from poor sanitation and dilapidated buildings to situations in which patients lived in unclean quarters or were forced to sleep in corridors. Many of the problems at the state hospital were common to facilities nationwide. Dr. C. Fred Williams, superintendent of the S.C. State Hospital from 1915 to 1945, realized the need for community mental health clinics. He encouraged a program to educate the public about mental illness, its causes and methods of prevention. The first clinic to provide services for the mentally ill who did not need hospitalization was opened at S.C. State Hospital in 1920. The first permanent outpatient clinic opened in Columbia in 1923. The success of this clinic inspired the opening of traveling clinics in Greenville and Spartanburg in 1924. By 1927 clinics were established in Florence, Orangeburg, and Anderson. In 1928 a clinic opened in Charleston with plans for one in Rock Hill.<br />
<br />
World War II came, and doctors, nurses, and social workers went war. The State Hospital staff was depleted, the clinics began to suffer. In early 1943, the Orangeburg and Rock Hill clinics closed for the duration, and on Nov. 1, 1943, Dr. Williams informed all of the clinics that they would be closed for the remainder of the war. Reopening of the clinics was delayed until late 1947 because of a lack of adequately trained personnel. As clinics continued to grow over the state, the need for state and federal funding increased. Help came in 1946 with the passage of Public Law 487 and in 1952 with the passage the Mental Health Act.<br />
<br />
Public Law 487 provided federal funds from the Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service, for adequate mental hygiene clinics. The Mental Health Act provided for a Mental Health Commission to be in charge of all mental health facilities. Communities were required to contribute one third of the cost of clinic or center operation and the state would furnish the remaining two thirds. In the mid-1950s, the discovery of phenothiazines, "miracle drugs" that controlled many severe symptoms of mental illness, made it possible to "unlock" wards. <br />
<br />
By 1957 clinics were in operation in Charleston, Greenville, Richland, Spartanburg, Darlington, and Florence counties. Major functions of theses clinics included: cooperation and consultation with other agencies and professional people in the community; evaluation and treatment of emotional disturbances in adults and children; public education; and training psychiatric and pediatric resident doctors from the Medical College Hospital. In addition to self-referrals, patient referrals to the centers came from physicians, ministers, lawyers, vocational rehabilitation, juvenile and domestic relations courts, and the Department of Public Welfare.<br />
<br />
Two national events in the 1960s helped spur a large-scale relocation of patients with chronic mental illness to communities in South Carolina. First, the introduction of Medicaid and other improvements in the social welfare system underwrote the treatment of patients in their own communities. In 1963, the Federal Community Mental Health Centers Act provided matching federal funds for constructing community mental health centers. In 1964, the S.C. Department of Mental Health was created as an independent agency of state government to develop a more comprehensive system, which combined medical care and treatment with expanded community services, mental health education, consultation, professional training, and research.<br />
<br />
1967 the Columbia Area Mental Health Center became the first comprehensive community mental health center in the Southeast. William S. Hall, M.D., became the first State Commissioner of Mental Health in South Carolina. Under Dr. Hall's enlightened guidance from 1964 to 1985, the agency made significant advances in community care. A comprehensive, statewide mental health care delivery system emerged and grew to encompass 10 major inpatient facilities and 17 community mental health centers providing services in all of the state's 46 counties with more than 6,000 employees.<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, South Carolina experienced a number of firsts. They included the establishment of a transitional living project to help patients return to the community after long hospital stays, a facility for psychiatric patients who need long-term care, a program for autistic children, and an alcohol and drug addiction treatment center. Patient's rights became an issue in the 1970s. The department embraced the movement by creating the position of ombudsman and a system of advocates to protect the rights and privileges of the patients and to serve as an intermediary between patients and the department.<br />
<br />
By the end of the 1970s, the time had come for a renewed emphasis on the care of the chronically mentally ill. A report by The President's Commission of Mental Health in 1978 jump-started the effort. The commission, headed by then-First Lady Rosalyn Carter, for the first time put the care of people with serious mental illnesses on the front burner of federal concerns. Although the 1980s began with great promise for people with mental illnesses, those hopes were short-lived. The 1980 Mental Health Systems Act, which promised new resources and refocused federal support of the care of persons with severe mental illnesses, was effectively repealed by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. The result-federal resources, available as block grants, shrank dramatically.<br />
<br />
In 1983 the S.C. Department of Mental Health adopted a plan calling for the development of community-based services, the decentralization of hospital services, and a significant decrease in the population of its psychiatric facilities in Columbia. Funds were made available through an emergency stabilization plan to any locale that could develop programs to reduce admissions to the central facilities.<br />
<br />
Fiscal restraints led to frustrations on the state level, particularly in funding proper care for patients in the state hospitals. In 1985 a U.S. Justice Department's critique of the S.C. State Hospital said conditions there were "flagrantly unconstitutional." The Justice Department entered into a four-year consent decree with the state of South Carolina in 1986 to provide increased services for all patients.<br />
<br />
Joseph J. Bevilacqua, Ph.D., became the state commissioner of mental health in 1985. Under his leadership, the department supported the view that patients treated in the community do much better clinically. People with mental illnesses need and require close family and community support. They get better faster and stay better longer when they receive services in their community, if such programs are reasonably funded, well organized and easily available.<br />
<br />
In February 1989 the S.C. Department of Mental Health, with support from the National Institute of Mental Health, hosted a national conference entitled "The Role of the Public Mental Hospital in a Community-Based System of Care." The purpose was to explore how other states shifted to community-based services, how they defined priority populations, and how they planned and located services. <br />
<br />
An outcome of this conference was the initiation of the Transition Leadership Council. An unprecedented collaboration between mental health professionals, government, mental health advocates, and consumer representatives, was formed to spearhead the movement of South Carolina's mental health delivery system Towards Local Care.<br />
<br />
The council determined that the services necessary for the successful transition of patients into the state's communities did not exist and needed to be developed. It was also clear that some patients could not be safely discharged into the community and would continue to be cared for in S.C. Department of Mental Health facilities until appropriate services could be created.<br />
<br />
Some communities are struggling to develop community-care programs. They have a shortage of appropriate residences and sometimes face opposition to these from neighborhood residents, have no crisis-care center to handle short-term acute situations, lack employment opportunities, and, particularly in rural areas, lack good basic medical services.<br />
<br />
However, many areas are successfully developing mental health services. An example of the success of the program occurred between May and November 1993 when 127 patients from the S.C. State Hospital and Crafts-Farrow State Hospital moved into seven creative, customized programs in Aiken, Charleston, Columbia, Lexington, Orangeburg, and Sumter. These patients were provided with appropriate residences, medication monitoring, psychiatric and medical services, supportive community services, meaningful activity, and employment assistance.<br />
<br />
In two separate waves of programs from 1992 to 1995, 265 patients were discharged from inpatient facilities to Toward Local Care projects that have a total budget of $4 million. In the first Toward Local Care wave, 193 clients entered the community from hospitals to nine community mental health center programs. In a second wave, 44 clients were discharged to programs in six community mental health centers (Anderson, Charleston/ Dorchester, Columbia, Greenville, Pee Dee and Piedmont).<br />
<br />
Moving more people with mental illness to community treatment has meant reducing the population of the psychiatric hospitals in Columbia. In 1996 the S.C. State Hospital and Crafts-Farrow State Hospital consolidated their services and moved patients from Crafts-Farrow State Hospital to the S.C. State Hospital campus. This consolidation resulted in the organization of the Division of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services comprised of 410 beds. Today entire floors, wards, and cottages on the Columbia campus are closed or are used for administrative offices. In 1995 the S.C. Department of Mental Health served 90,492 clients in its 17 community mental health centers and 13,422 in its five psychiatric hospitals. This brief account of the S.C. Department of Mental Health's illustrious history has only skimmed the surface of a deep and abiding commitment to provide quality services to people with mental illnesses. Others have expressed our commitment and direction more eloquently.<br />
<br />
At a banquet on the occasion of the laying of the Mills Building cornerstone, Col. Levy, vice president of the Lunatic Asylum, offered a toast setting the direction for the state's concern about mental health care, saying, "The Lunatic Asylum-may it long flourish as an asylum for the afflicted and a monument of the humanity and munificence of the people of South Carolina."<br />
<br />
Dr. William S. Hall made the following statements during the 150th anniversary of the S.C. Department of Mental Health, "From a plateau of better understanding and broader knowledge we can look back on early treatment programs with chagrin, but we must remember that, in many cases, such was the extent of knowledge in those times. We honor those men of integrity who first gave us guidance. From them we have accepted the torch of responsibility. I wonder how history will treat us 150 years from now? I hope we will be treated as kindly, with as much compassion, as we view those who preceded us."<br />
<br />
In summary, John A. Morris, interim director, said in 1996, "As mandated in our agency's mission statement, we have formed partnerships with consumers, families and other diverse communities to make sure that all clients who need our services receive them, that they receive state-of-the-art services, and that we provide services in the most efficient and effective manner possible. As you see from this brief history of our agency, there's nothing new to the Department of Mental Health about those concepts. It is our hope that the next century will see continued development of local mental health care and that greater acceptance will allow people with mental illnesses to live with dignity in communities of their choosing." <ref>This information was provided by the May 1996 issue of the South Carolina Department of Mental Health's FOCUS publication and Changing Minds, Opening Doors: A South Carolina Perspective on Mental Health Care. Both of which were written by Susan Craft for the South Carolina Department of Mental Health. [http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/history.htm http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/history.htm]</ref><br />
<br />
== Images of South Carolina State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[South Carolina State Hospital Image Gallery|South Carolina State Hospital]]}}<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Patients3.jpg<br />
File:Firstclinic.jpg<br />
File:Columbia area.jpg<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== Videos ==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/columbia<br />
<br />
<videoflash>PuzVnw-z31U</videoflash><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
*Hidden Columbia Series on the hospital: [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=2844&page=index Part 1], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=2931&page=index Part 2], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=3007&page=news Part 3], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=3108&page=news Part 4], [http://www.wolo.com/article.php?id=3272&page=index Part 5]<br />
**Hidden Columbia Alternative Link (see the above videos on Facebook in HD): [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=391033696480&ref=mf Part 1], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=393646651480&ref=mf Part 2], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=394741901480&ref=mf Part 3], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=397341761480&ref=mf Part 4], [http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=400276771480&ref=mf Part 5]<br />
<br />
== Links & Additional Information ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/takecareanna/sets/72157622296422620/ Flickr photo set of the Babcock Building]<br />
*[http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/S10817740004/index.htm Photo set of the Mills Building]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:South Carolina]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]<br />
[[Category:Pre-1854 Plans]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Weston_State_Hospital&diff=31441Weston State Hospital2015-12-27T04:26:17Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Weston State Hospital<br />
| image = Westsh.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established = <br />
| construction_began = March 22, 1858<br />
| construction_ended = 1881<br />
| opened = October 22, 1859<br />
| closed = May 1994<br />
| demolished = <br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]] and [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]] <br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]] <br />
| architect(s) = Richard Snowden Andrews<br />
| location = Weston, WV<br />
| architecture_style = Gothic Revival, Tudor Revival<br />
| peak_patient_population = 2400 est. (2300 in 1961)<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum<br />
*West Virginia Hospital for the Insane <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
'''From a 1916 Report by Henry Hurd:'''<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=aPssAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015005122398&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><BR><br />
This was West Virginia's first public institution. Its construction was begun by the State of Virginia before the separation of West Virginia from the mother state, the first appropriation having been made by the Legislature of Virginia, March 22, 1858. The institution was opened October 22, 1859, when nine patients were brought from Ohio, where they had been in temporary care awaiting the completion of the hospital. Dr. R. Hills, formerly of the Central Ohio Insane Asylum, was made superintendent and Dr. N. B. Barnes, assistant.<br />
<br />
In the first years of its history the institution was encompassed with many difficulties. Not only were there financial troubles, but Confederate soldiers in a raid appropriated the blankets belonging to the patients, and in a second raid a ward was destroyed. The people of Weston very generously came to the rescue and contributed their own blankets to fill the temporary needs, public acknowledgment of which was made by the superintendent in his report. In 1868 the population of the hospital was 40; since that date there has been a continual increase in the number of inmates, and a corresponding increase in the appropriation for running expenses, until at the present time the population of the institution is 1023.<br />
<br />
The grounds belonging to the hospital contain about 335 acres, and front about 2000 feet on the West Fork River, opposite the town of Weston, and extend back to the north to a depth sufficient for this acreage. With the exception of the site on which the buildings are located, which extends back from the river about 800 feet, the land is very steep and entirely unsuitable for tillage. A very small portion of it is used for gardening, but in the main it is used for grazing.<br />
<br />
There are two producing gas wells upon the property, supplying abundant gas for all the needs of the institution, which were discovered in an effort to secure water by boring deep wells. The water supply is something of a problem with this institution, because the only source of supply is the West Fork River. The recent erection of a very large reservoir upon a high point of the hill in the rear of the building has solved the question of storage. So much filtering is needed, however, that it is difficult to get the water entirely free from sediment. There are some shallow drilled wells upon the premises, which are of considerable value in times of drought.<br />
<br />
The general hospital building consists of a central portion—the administration building with wings extending on either side north and south. The corridors connect all the wards with each other and with the central building. The main building, erected of native blue sandstone, is 1290 feet in length and 125 feet deep. The auxiliary buildings are of brick and are located in the rear of the main buildings.<br />
<BR><BR><br />
In the rear of the main building are:<BR><br />
1. The Atkinson Building, erected in 1897, three stories in height, containing three wards, all used for male patients.<BR><br />
2. A three-story brick building, containing two wards, one for male colored patients, the other for female colored patients.<BR><br />
3. A laundry building, occupied by the laundry, with a plumbing shop and power plant in the basement.<BR><br />
4. An electric power house, a one-story brick building, containing the electric light machinery, ice plant and three cold storage rooms.<BR><br />
5. A patients' kitchen, 45 by 75 feet, equipped with the necessary outfit for the cooking, which must be done on a large scale for such an institution.<BR><br />
6. A sick patients' kitchen.<BR><br />
7. A bake shop, a one-story brick building, containing oven, dough mixer, engine and other necessary utensils.<BR><br />
8. A store room, a two-story brick building, the lower floor containing the main store room, clothes-cutting room and sewing room; the upper floor is used as an attendants' dining room, with kitchen attached. This building is in bad condition.<BR><br />
9. A morgue; the morgue is a stone building for the reception of the bodies of patients dying in the house.<BR><br />
10. A hose house; a small frame building containing all the hose and fire fighting apparatus.<BR><br />
11. Greenhouses<BR><br />
12. Barn; this is a frame structure; part of it is used for horses and the remainder for cows.<BR><br />
<BR><br />
<BR><br />
'''From Wikipedia:'''<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Allegheny_Lunatic_Asylum</ref><BR><br />
The hospital was authorized by the Virginia General Assembly in the early 1850s as the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum. Following consultations with Thomas Story Kirkbride, then-superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, a building in the Kirkbride Plan was designed in the Gothic Revival and Tudor Revival styles by Richard Snowden Andrews (1830-1903), an architect from Baltimore whose other commissions included the Maryland Governor's residence in Annapolis and the south wing of the U.S. Treasury building in Washington. Construction on the site, along the West Fork River opposite downtown Weston, began in late 1858. Work was initially conducted by prison laborers; a local newspaper in November of that year noted "seven convict negroes" as the first arrivals for work on the project. Skilled stonemasons were later brought in from Germany and Ireland.<br />
<br />
Construction was interrupted by the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Following its secession from the United States, the government of Virginia demanded the return of the hospital's unused construction funds for its defense; before this could occur, the 7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry seized the money from a local bank, delivering it to Wheeling, where it was put toward the establishment of the Reorganized Government of Virginia, which sided with the northern states during the war. The Reorganized Government appropriated money to resume construction in 1862; following the admission of West Virginia as a U.S. state in 1863, the hospital was renamed the West Virginia Hospital for the Insane. The first patients were admitted in October 1864, but construction continued into 1881. The 200-foot (61 m) central clock tower was completed in 1871, and separate rooms for black people were completed in 1873. The hospital was intended to be self-sufficient, and a farm, dairy, waterworks, and cemetery were located on its grounds, which ultimately reached 666 acres (266 ha) in area. A gas well was drilled on the grounds in 1902. Its name was again changed to Weston State Hospital in 1913.<br />
<br />
Originally designed to house 250 patients in solitude, the hospital held 717 patients by 1880; 1,661 in 1938; over 1,800 in 1949; and, at its peak, 2,400 in the 1950s in overcrowded conditions. A 1938 report by a survey committee organized by a group of North American medical organizations found that the hospital housed "epileptics, alcoholics, drug addicts and non-educable mental defectives" among its population. A series of reports by The Charleston Gazette in 1949 found poor sanitation and insufficient furniture, lighting, and heating in much of the complex, while one wing, which had been rebuilt using Works Progress Administration funds following a 1935 fire started by a patient, was comparatively luxurious.<br />
<br />
By the 1980s, the hospital had a reduced population due to changes in the treatment of mental illness. In 1986, then-Governor Arch Moore announced plans to build a new psychiatric facility elsewhere in the state and convert the Weston hospital to a prison. Ultimately the new facility, the William R. Sharpe Jr. Hospital, was built in Weston and the old Weston State Hospital was simply closed, in May 1994. The building and its grounds have since been mostly vacant, aside from local events such as fairs, church revivals, and tours. In 1999, all four floors of the interior of the building were damaged by several city and county police officers playing paintball, three of whom were dismissed over the incident.<br />
<br />
Efforts toward adaptive reuse of the building have included proposals to convert the building into a Civil War Museum and a hotel and golf course complex. A non-profit 501(c)3 organization, the Weston Hospital Revitalization Committee, was formed in 2000 for the purpose of aiding in preservation of the building and finding appropriate tenants. Three small museums devoted to military history, toys, and mental health were opened on the first floor of the building in 2004, but were soon forced to close due to fire code violations.<br />
<br />
The hospital was auctioned by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources on August 29, 2007. Joe Jordan, an asbestos demolition contractor from Morgantown, was the high bidder and paid $1.5 million for the 242,000-square-foot (22,500 m2) building. Bidding started at $500,000. Joe Jordan has also begun maintenance projects on the former hospital grounds. In October 2007,a Fall Fest was held at the Weston State Hospital. Guided daytime tours were offered as well as a haunted hospital tour at night, a haunted hayride and a treasure hunt starting on the hospital front porch. Family hayrides, arts and crafts and local music were also offered.<br />
<br />
The owners are now offering tours 7-days-a-week, haunted tours on Friday nights, and overnight stays on Saturdays.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Images of Weston State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Weston State Hospital Image Gallery|Weston State Hospital]]}}<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Weston Hist 1906.jpg<br />
File:Weston Hist 1904 MainHall.jpg<br />
File:WestonSH PC 1950s.jpg<br />
File:WSH 2008 011.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
<br />
* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/weston<br />
<br />
<videoflash>snwqrptXZXY</videoflash><br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://www.trans-alleghenylunaticasylum.com/ Official Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum Website]<br />
*[http://photography.thomas-industriesinc.com/AB_Weston.htm Contemporary photos taken in 2007 & 2008]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_State_Hospital Weston State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/weston/ Weston State Hospital @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
*[http://forgottenphotography.com/weston/index.html Weston State Hospital @ Forgotten Photography]<br />
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==Cemetery==<br />
There are three cemeteries that are currently on a hill behind the hospital, all of them used at different times. The first was used from 1858- 1900, the second, from 1901-1933, and the last from 1933- to the 1970s. None of the graves are marked.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:West Virginia]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Athens_State_Hospital&diff=31440Athens State Hospital2015-12-27T04:25:04Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Video */</p>
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<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Athens State Hospital<br />
| image = Athens1.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Athens State Hospital<br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1867<br />
| construction_began = 1868<br />
| construction_ended = <br />
| opened = 1874<br />
| closed = 1993<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Closed Institution|Closed]] and [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Levi T. Scofield<br />
| location = Athens, Ohio<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population = 1,749 in 1953<br />
| alternate_names =<br><br />
*Athens Lunatic Asylum <br />
*Athens Asylum for the Insane <br />
*Athens Mental Health and Retardation Center<br />
*Southeast Ohio State Hospital<br />
*Athens Mental Health Center <br />
*The Ridges / Lin Hall (Current)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1867 the Ohio Legislature appointed a commission to find a site for an asylum in south-eastern Ohio. A site in Athens was found suitable. Construction began in 1867 and the Athens Lunatic Asylum was completed during 1874. Levi T. Scofield was the architect. The Athens Mental Health Center opened on January 9, 1874 on land purchased from the Coate's farm. The asylum itself was built from bricks which were fired on-site from clay dug on-site. Herman Haerlin, a student of Frederick Law Olmstead (the designer of Central Park), was responsible for the design of the hospital and its grounds. By the turn of the twentieth century, orchards and farmland were maintained on the property, tended to by hospital residents and employees. This made the hospital nearly self-sufficient. Nevertheless, at the time of its construction it was a major boon to the economy of the city of Athens, which was able to supply milk, eggs, linens, and other necessities. Local citizens made use of Haerlin's extensive grounds, which included landscaped hills and trees, a pond, a spring, and a creek with a falls.<br />
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The Administration building housed offices of the Superintendent, assistant physicians, steward, and a general reception room for visitors. Two wings added to the building were used for patients. The second floor contained apartments of the medical superintendent. The third and fourth floors were used for administrative offices.<br />
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Over the years the buildings and grounds at the Athens Mental Health Center underwent many changes. In the 1920s a fire destroyed the grand ballroom. In 1924 a building was erected on the grounds for the treatment of mentally ill patients with tuberculosis. In 1928 the dairy barn went in, making the hospital almost self-sufficient. Later, in 1960, part of the farmland belonging to the hospital was acquired by Ohio University for the construction of the Convocation Center. Between 1968 and 1972 the Hocking River and State Route 682 were rerouted, eliminating the reservoir as well as four of the decorative lakes on the property.<br />
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In 1977 multiple personality rapist Billy Milligan was sent by a Franklin County judge to Athens for treatment after his insanity plea was accepted by prosecutors--a first in American history. Milligan had kidnapped and raped three women on campus at Ohio State but had been suffering from mutliple personality disorder from early childhood. His story was told in the book ''The Minds of Billy Milligan'' by Daniel Keyes (the author of Flowers for Algernon). Billy Milligan's stay at the Ridges was among the last ever. In 1972 the last patients were buried in the asylum cemetery; by 1981 the hospital housed fewer than 300 patients. 344 acres of land were transferred to Ohio University. The final patients left the Athens Center in 1993, when they were bused to a new, much smaller hospital across town. The building stood vacant for several years while Ohio University prepared to renovate it into museum, office, and classroom space.<br />
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In 2001 renovation work was completed on the main building, which today is known as Lin Hall and houses music, geology, and biotechnology offices, as well as the Kennedy Museum of Art. Nearly all of the dozens of hospital buildings have been remodeled and put to use by the University.<ref>[http://www.forgottenoh.com/Ridges/ridges.html]</ref> Although the main administration building and some sections of the patient wings have been renovated, much of the Kirkbride is still empty and awaiting reuse.<br />
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Like many other Kirkbrides, the building sits on top of a hill. It faces the nearby Hocking River looking toward the center of Athens and the main campus of Ohio University. The building appears to be in exceptionally good condition, although the cupolas which used to crown parts of the roof are now missing. The ward interiors don't have much in terms of remaining nineteenth-century architectural details either.<ref>[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/athens/ http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/athens/]</ref><br />
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== Images of Athens State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Athens State Hospital Image Gallery|Athens State Hospital]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Athens2.png<br />
File:Athens3.gif<br />
File:AL00312 lrg.jpg<br />
File:Athens State Hospital.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Cemetery==<br />
Three cemeteries are on the grounds of the hospital, maintained by the Ohio Dept. of Mental Health. About 2,000 former patients are buried in the 3 cemeteries, most are marked with only a number.<br />
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==Books==<br />
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"Asylum on the Hill: History of a Healing Landscape", Katherine Ziff<br />
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==Video==<br />
* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
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* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/athens<br />
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<videoflash>DfByk0Eh5EU</videoflash><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
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==Links==<br />
*[http://cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu/~ridges/ The Ridges and the History of Mental Illness]<br />
*[http://www.cordingleyneurology.com/lobotomies.html Walter Freeman's Lobotomies at Athens State Hospital]<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/athens/ Athens State Hospital @ Kirkbridebuildings.com]<br />
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[[Category:Ohio]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Closed Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Institution With A Cemetery]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377https://www.asylumprojects.org/index.php?title=Buffalo_State_Hospital&diff=31439Buffalo State Hospital2015-12-27T04:23:17Z<p>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377: /* Videos */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{infobox institution<br />
| name = Buffalo State Hospital<br />
| image = Buffalo02.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = Twin towers of BSH<br />
| caption = Admin of Buffalo State Hospital<br />
| established =<br />
| construction_began = 1870 <br />
| construction_ended =<br />
| opened = 1880 <br />
| closed =<br />
| demolished =<br />
| current_status = [[Active Institution|Active]] and [[Preserved Institution|Preserved]]<br />
| building_style = [[Kirkbride Planned Institutions|Kirkbride Plan]]<br />
| architect(s) = Henry Hobson Richardson <br />
| location = Buffalo, NY<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| peak_patient_population =<br />
| alternate_names =<br> <br />
*Buffalo Psychiatric Center, <br />
*Buffalo State Lunatic Asylum, <br />
*H.H. Richardson Complex, <br />
*Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane, <br />
*Richardson Olmsted Complex <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Henry Hobson Richardson Complex, or the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane, as it was originally called, started construction in 1870 and was completed almost 20 years later. It was a state-of-the-art facility when it was built, incorporating the most modern ideas in psychiatric treatment. The design of the buildings as well as the restorative grounds, designed by famed landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted, were intended to complement the innovations in psychiatric care practiced at this facility.<br />
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[[image:HPIM1833.JPG|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
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At the time Richardson was commissioned to design the complex he was still relatively unknown, but he was later to become the first American architect to achieve international fame. The complex was ultimately the largest building of his career and the first to display his characteristic style - what came to be known as Richardsonian Romanesque – and is internationally regarded as one of the best examples of its kind. Among many others, his genius also yielded the New York State Capital, the Albany City Hall, Trinity Church in Boston, and the Glessner House in Chicago.<br />
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The complex and grounds were originally built on 203 acres of largely undeveloped farmland. The V-shaped design consisted of the central tower building with five buildings flanking on each side, connected by curved corridors, branching out in a “flock of geese” formation. This design was representative of what was then known as the Kirkbride system, named after the physician who developed it. As a stage of development in the classification and treatment of mental illnesses, Kirkbride’s system was designed with a central administration building flanked by patient wards in a V-formation. This enabled patients to be gathered according to the type and level of their illness. Rooms were arranged along both sides of the corridor and the buildings were designed for maximum light, ventilation, and privacy, and a home like atmosphere.<br />
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The central tower building and adjacent buildings were constructed using Medina Sandstone quarried in nearby Orleans County. The wings were constructed with brick.<br />
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[[image:Buffalo01.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
A plan for laying out the grounds was prepared by Olmsted and partially completed. Olmsted’s paths and arrangement of spaces were designed to facilitate the activities and philosophy underlying the Kirkbride system. Calvert Vaux, also a landscape architect and collaborator with Olmsted, contributed to the final layout.<br />
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The final landscape design laid out the front side of the grounds as a park-style open space, ringed by winding walkways. It was thought that the park-like setting with spacious tree-shaded lawns would have a calming and therapeutic effect on the patients. The grounds behind the hospital buildings were the site of a large, 100-acre farm which extended to the rear boundary of the grounds at the Scajaquada Creek. These farmlands served to provide patients with constructive outdoor physical work in the form of farming, believing that purposeful physical labor would contribute to increasing the patients’ healing and general well-being.<br />
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Treatment for people with mental illness continued in the Complex until the late 1990’s. The new Strozzi Building of the Buffalo Psychiatric Center was built east of the historic complex in 1965. Over time services and administrative offices were moved out of the historic complex and into the new facilities, where they continue. In 1997, after completing an extensive statewide Master Plan, the NYS Office of Mental Health announced its intention to divest itself of several psychiatric hospital sites, including the old Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital.<br />
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Sections of the Richardson Complex were demolished and the buildings gradually deteriorated. In 1969 the three brick buildings on the east wing were demolished to make room for an adolescent treatment facility. The entire complex of buildings was abandoned and, left uncared for by the State of NY, allowed to deteriorate.<br />
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In previous studies, as well as the most recent one, numerous reuse options were evaluated but none were implemented. Among the options studied were: research incubator educational park; office or residential uses; arts center with various galleries, studios, etc.; and senior assisted living housing and the consolidation of Buffalo Public School’s Olmsted Schools.<br />
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The complex is internationally regarded as one of architecture’s great treasures. In 1973 it was added to the State and National Registers of Historic Places, and in 1986 it was registered as a National Historic Landmark – one of only seven such sites in Western New York - and is listed on the National Trust’s list of twelve nationwide "sites to save" and the Preservation League’s statewide list of seven "sites to save." <ref>Source: [http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/history.php http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/history.php] - Richardson Center Complex, Buffalo NY</ref><br />
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== Books ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:buffaloNYbook001.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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== Images of Buffalo State Hospital ==<br />
{{image gallery|[[Buffalo State Hospital Image Gallery|Buffalo State Hospital]]}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
file:BSH116448pr.jpg <br />
file:BSH116449pr.jpg<br />
File:Buffalo State Hospital NY2.jpg<br />
file:HPIM1844.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Videos==<br />
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* Video from Kirkbrides HD ~ http://www.vimeo.com/channels/KirkbridesHD<br />
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* http://www.vimeo.com/kirkbrideshd/buffalo<br />
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<videoflash>wa3inBYOnR4</videoflash><br />
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----<br />
The following is a video done on Buffalo State Hospital for a college project by [http://www.youtube.com/user/ael101090 ael101090].<br />
<videoflash>g9tEhQ8SMho</videoflash><br />
<br />
----<br />
This video was created by the Richardson Center Corporation and Odessa Pictures. It gives a brief history and overview of the Kirkbride. <br />
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<videoflash>RgZrebpkx9g</videoflash><br />
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== Links & Additional Information == <br />
*[http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/ Richardson Center Corporation] - Preservation group<br />
*[http://nysasylum.com/bpc/bpchome.htm NYS Asylum] - Lots of really great photos<br />
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=pphhphoto&fileName=ny/ny0200/ny0207/photos/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=State%20Lunatic%20Asylum,%20400%20Forest%20Avenue,%20Buffalo,%20Erie%20County,%20NY&displayType=1&itemLink=D?hh:23:./temp/~pp_NODy:: Historic American Buildings Survey] - Historical Photos<br />
*[http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/buildings/buffalo/ Buffalo State Hospital @ Kirkbride Buildings]<br />
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/ Buffalo State Hospital @ Historic Asylums]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.H._Richardson_Complex Buffalo State Hospital @ Wikipedia]<br />
*[http://www.richardson-olmsted.com/documents/HSR_FINAL_website_2.pdf Richardson Olmsted Complex Historic Structures Report]<br />
*[http://buffalovr.com/bpc/ A 360 degree look of the interior of the complex]<br />
<br />
The Architecture of Madness-Insane Asylums in the United States, Yanni, Carla, University of Minnesota Press (2007)<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category:New York]]<br />
[[Category:Kirkbride Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Active Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Preserved Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Articles With Videos]]<br />
[[Category:Past Featured Article Of The Week]]</div>2601:18A:8001:5C5:E4D4:9C7B:FB55:9377